فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان
پیاپی 99 (بهار 1402)

The word surrogacy or hosting refers to the process in which a woman carries and gives birth to a baby for another person or couple, called commissioning parents. The main goal of the current research is to compare the phenomenon of surrogate motherhood from the point of view of fertility ordered mothers and surrogate mothers, the method used is grounded theory. The participants consist of two groups of surrogate mothers (12 people) and commissioning mothers (10 people). The participants were introduced through medical centers and then interviewed. The main categories obtained in the phenomenon of surrogate motherhood from the point of view of the ordering mothers are: 1_ family triangle: motherhood and wife, 2_ remaining unresponsive to previous treatments, 3_ continuity of generation and having genetic children, 3_ interactions and communication in substitution, 4_ stress and Worrying about the future and the liberation of the child, 5_ Reducing the role of a substitute to being a carrier, 5_ Emphasizing genetics, 6_ Pregnancy control and management, 7_ Continuity of maternal identity and the perception of a complete family.The key categories obtained in the phenomenon of surrogacy from the point of view of surrogate mothers are: 1- severe financial problems and need, 2- social economic limitation, 3- easy pregnancy experience, 4- previous familiarity with surrogacy, 5- doing something big and lasting, 6- neutral Creating pregnancy, 7_ Interactions with the original mother, 8_ Surrendering to the doctor, 9_ Unfulfilled expectations / growing intimacy / 10_ Feeling valuable or regret and abandonment.

Today, with the occurrence of divorce, an important issue that women face after separation is the custody of their children. In fact, according to the existing laws (Article 1170 of the Civil Code), if a woman who is divorced and has children from her first husband remarries, she will be deprived of custody of her children; Therefore, understanding the experience of women in two positions of motherhood and wife, what decisions they make and what challenges they face, are the goals of this study. Therefore, with the help of the qualitative method of thematic analysis, an interview was conducted with 20 divorced women of Tehran who took custody of the child, who were selected purposefully. The findings about the experiences of the divorced mothers participating in the research can be analyzed in the form of three types of child custody encounters, which in turn are associated with experiences and consequences: the first type, child custody with an emphasis on the role of the mother with consequences such as Expressing regret for accepting custody, reconsidering child custody and diminishing the role of femininity; The second type: acceptance of custody along with the social role with consequences such as fear of being divorced, exhausting arguments in a male environment and the challenge of emotional and biological needs; The third sign: accepting custody and maintaining the role of wife with the result of feeling satisfied with the role of mother and wife.

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges for women, impacting their lifestyles, family dynamics, and employment status. These effects are expected to persist beyond the pandemic. One notable consequence has been the widespread adoption of telecommuting. This study employs a qualitative approach and targeted sampling to explore the experiences of female faculty members at universities and institutes during the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 participants. The findings reveal that telecommuting has brought about positive outcomes, such as increased digitization, improved time management for both work and family responsibilities, and a reorientation of domestic life. Participants also reported positive experiences related to self-care, ethical considerations, and changes in family interactions and leisure activities. However, some participants also highlighted challenges associated with the quarantine and remote work.

Men's labor migrations to other countries can affect the fertility rate at the macro and individual levels  Considering the downward trend of the fertility, it is important to pay attention to this phenomenon from the point of view of its effect on the possibility of fertility of women left behind from migration and their post-pregnancy problems. International labor migration of men is one of the most influential factors on left behind women, especially during pregnancy when the mother needs special care of her fetus and her health. Such effects are multiplied in environments with less infrastructural facilities and more traditional culture. The present study was conducted with the phenomenological method in order to comprehensive and deep understand the lived experience of pregnancy of women left behind from migration of their spouses. In order to understand this experience, 14 women from Lar in Fars province, whose husbands have migrated to other countries for work, have been interviewed. The data were collected by semi-structured and in-depth interview method, then analyzed with the help of Collaizi’s method. Based on the content of interviews and the clustering of themes, it is possible to analyze and represent the general structure of the lived experience and perception of these women about the fertility process under two social and Bio-psychological themes.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize factors affecting childbearing in the country. The current research is applied in terms of orientation and quantitative in nature from the point of view of methodology. In this research, two quantitative methods, fuzzy Delphi and Marcos, have been used for data analysis. The theoretical population of the research is childbearing experts and the sampling method is judgmental. The sample size in this study was 12 people and 10 people responded. In order to collect research data, interview tools and questionnaires of expert assessment and priority assessment have been used. This research has been done in several stages. In the first step, factors affecting childbearing were extracted using literature review and interviews with experts. In the second step, 43 extracted factors were screened by distributing expert questionnaires and fuzzy Delphi method. 10 factors had a defuzzy number higher than 0.7 and were selected for final prioritization. According to Marcos's output, the factors of pursuing gender equality policy in all fields, modern lifestyle, degree of compatibility and cohesion, housing situation and employment of young women were the highest priority respectively. Research proposals were developed based on priority factors and interviews with focus groups. Some of the suggestions include revising the existing laws of the country and educational institutions in order to increase childbearing, promoting the Islamic-Iranian lifestyle and supporting cultural productions in schools and universities, as well as allocating land and cheap housing to young and childbearing families.

One of the serious challenges of divorced women is the issue of remarriage; Most of them have worries and fears for the second marriage because of their unpleasant experience in the first marriage. In the meantime, some of them enter into a second marriage for many personal and family reasons. This research was designed and implemented with the aim of investigating the challenges of divorced women in their second marriage, taking into account the individual's failures in the first experience of living together. In this qualitative study, the phenomenological method was used and the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. In this study, interviews were conducted with 21 divorced women of Hamadan city who had a second marriage through purposeful and qualitative sampling. The findings of the study show that some divorced women get married for the second time after the problems of the court and divorce have passed and some time has passed since the divorce took place; However, this action of theirs is associated with complex challenges and problems. In the analysis of interviews of this group of women, in the field of challenges related to second marriage, four main categories were identified including: challenges related to interactions between spouses, challenges of couples with children, challenges related to couples' families, and challenges of spouses' children with each other. From the perspective of the participants in the study, these challenges mainly originate from the person's failure in the first marriage and the person's negative experience.

he emergence of the consumer society in the last few decades and the issue of body management as one of the basic components of such a society has occupied the minds of many researchers. The aim of the current research is to investigate the factors affecting body management in the country, which was carried out using the metacombination method and the seven-stage model of Sandelovski and Barroso (2003). Based on this, relying on the criteria of metacombination method, the results of previous studies conducted between 2011 and 2022 were examined. By using related keywords, previous studies were identified and among 487 articles, finally 72 articles were selected using meta-combination criteria In order to check the quality and reliability of the findings of this research, Kappa index was used. The results of this index have shown the appropriate quality of research findings. The findings of this study led to the extraction of different codes, and after continuous back and forth and examination and combination of the initial findings of this research in sub-fields, seven main fields were obtained, which in order of frequency are: individual and psychological dimension with social; cultural dimension; media dimension; medical and biological dimension; Political dimension and contextual variables. Finally, the results of this research showed that the objectification of the body, the feeling of self-superiority, distinctiveness, body censorship, gaining social status and social approval from reference groups such as family, friends and peers are among the most important factors that affect body management. It is effective among people in the society.