فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 94 (تابستان 1402)

Tahirid (207-250 A.H) are the first government in Iran during the Islamic period, who could revive the Iranian thought and identity based on the Islamic instructions. Although Taherids were dependent on the Abbasid caliphate, they were able to gain relative independence during the rule of Abdullah bin Tahir (213-230 A. H), in Nishabur as their capital. This event was due to several factors, including the reforms in favor of the governance and the conquest of the Khawarij, followed by the economic development of Neishabur. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the factors influencing the economic prosperity of Neishabur in Tahirid era, especially during the rule of Abdullah bin Taher.This research, done through the  descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question on how Tahirid have influenced the economic prosperity of Neishabur. The findings of the research illustrate that the special attention of Tahirid to the agriculture, irrigation method, systematic tax and the growth of other industries has led to the development of commerce.

The conquest of Andalusia was completed during the caliphate of Walid bin Abdul Malik (86-96 A. H) and under the leadership of Musa bin Nasir (19-97 A. H) and Tariq bin Ziyad (101-50 A. H) during the years 92-95 A. H. As a result of this conquest, many tribes entered Andalusia. This article examines the report of Bayt Zul-Aqfal in Toledo aiming the how of different ethnic groups entering Andalusia and their influence in compiling historical reports.The findings of the research done through the descriptive-analytical method and analysis of historical documents, show that the conquest of Andalusia and the new ethnic and cultural composition of the inhabitants of this region led to the fictional stories and narratives taken from the historical culture of these people were added to the historiography of Andalusia. Therefore, the report of Bayt Zul-Aqfal in the conquest of Toledo is one of the fabricated narratives of the conquest of Andalusia, the story of which arosed from this cultural mixture and found its way into the historical sources.

Nomination is a social behavior reflecting the culture and tendencies of a society. This research has investigated common names among Muslims to the middle of the 3rd century (A.H). For this purpose, while phasing this nomination, to ensure the authenticity of the research findings, only reports with clear implications have been cited. The research has been organized by taking advantage of the statistical analysis of the first names of those mentioned in Sheikh Tusi's Rejal (as containing Shiite names) and Tabaqat al-Kobra (as containing non-Shiite names). The findings of this research clarify that the common names before Islam were influenced by the culture and tendencies reflected in the names of the Islamic period. However, after the advent of Islam, new names were used that specifically expressed Islamic religious culture. This development continued until the emergence of different Islamic religions, and after that, Muslims started nomination, according to their religion.

Waqf, as a favorable tradition, has always been regarded by the Islamic governments; while, less attention has been paid to its cultural functions. Seljuk statesmen (429-589 A. H) and their dependents, including men and women, implemented their desired cultural policies with a thoughtful approach towards the endowment. Considering the influence of Seljuk women in the ruling class, this question arises that, which capitals these women were relying to be actively present in the society. This article with a historical-social approach and relying on the historical texts and descriptive-analytical method of research and inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's theory (2002) about the legitimacy of symbolic capitals, has a new reading about the cultural activities of women in the important areas of Seljuk territory, that is, the parts covering the center and west of Iran. According to the findings of this research, although the political position of these women, along with other elements such as regionalism and Seljuk traditions has been one of the obstacles to the centralization of the power institution, but women like Arslan Khatoon, with the endowment of public places (school, mosque and market), have played a vital role in the continuation of the Seljuk rule during three centuries and in fact, these women have succeeded in expanding the official discourse by assessing the symbolic assets.

Khuzestan was one of the important states of Iran in the Islamic era. This state, like the other regions of Iran, was governed by agents of the caliphate in the early Islamic centuries. Gradually, as the signs of decline of the Abbasid caliphate (656-132 AH) became apparent, Khuzestan, like the other regions of Iran, got out of the rule of the caliphs, and until the end of the 6th century, it was under the supervision of the governments in the Iranian plateau. In 591 A. H, the armies of Caliph Al-Nasser (575-622 AH) under the command of Ibn Qasab (592 AH) captured Khuzestan. In this way, after several centuries, Khuzestan was again under the direct control of the Caliphate institution, and the turkish slave-commanders of Caliph Al-Nasser were in charge of the affairs of this region. This research aims to investigate the factors of Caliph Al-Nasser's conquest of Khuzestan, and the continuation of this domination in the period of the Khwarazmshah (590-628 AH) through the descriptive-analytical method of research. The results of the research indicate that the factors such as the revival of worldly power of caliphate in Arab Iraq, the fall of the Seljuk monarchy in Iran, and the intra-dynastic differences of Al-Shamla local government in Khuzestan led to the domination of Caliph Al-Nasser over Khuzestan. The geographical and climatic connection of this state with Arab Iraq on the one hand, and the political-military troubles of the Khwarazmshah in the east and finally the invasion of the Mongols on the other hand, caused the continuation of Baghdad's rule over this region.

The establishment of commercial companies in the Qajar period (1344-1210 A. H), from the perspective of their owners, was not only considered an economic measure; Rather, in the conditions of the 19th century when Iranian businessmen were facing the commercial monopoly of European companies, it pursued broad political, social and even cultural goals. The most important of these companies was Jamshidian trading center, which had branches in Bushehr and Shiraz in the field of exchange. In addition to Jamshidian trading center, there were other trading places in Fars province active in buying and selling currency. Iran's trading company, the merchants of Bushehr's company and Mohammad Reza Kazerooni and Sons' company were among the companies active in Fars. Fars Trading Company was also established in Shiraz under the management of Abdol Rahim Shirazi. The introduction of these companies and the explanation of their internal and external challenges during their establishment and activity is a problem that this article seeks to explain relying on the descriptive-analytical approach as well as the primary sources. The findings of the research show that the failures of the colonialist banks, the opposition of the rulers, and the lack of support of the central governments from the Iranian commercial companies in Fars, caused some problems for them, and finally, it led to their bankruptcy.

One of the institutions established in time of Pahlavi II  to achieve the economic development was the Economic Council held on Mondays in front of the Pahlavi King with the presence of the government's economic team. The current article focuses on the "Issue of Iran's Economic Development" and examines the minutes of the Economic Council. This study, based on Rosen Stein Roden's "balanced economic growth theory", has analyzed the issues raised in the meeting minutes in order to find the answer to this question on what effect the Economic Council had on Iran's economic development process. The memories of agents present in the meetings for two decades have also been used as another source. Moreover, the report of evaluations of various departments of the Program and Budget Organization regarding construction plans has been considered and used to confirm the analysis. The findings of the research clarify that due to the lack of coherence and the lack of a general view in the economic decisions, heterogeneity in dealing with different economic sectors and the how of making decisions in this council, its results could not lead to a balanced and sustainable development of Iran.