فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 116 (زمستان 1402)

Citizens' participation in legislation is the ideal goal of democracy, which in the past could be achieved through elections and face-to-face meetings. However, with the advent of information and technology, people's participation in legislation took a big leap. Now, distance, the number of audiences, and time no longer have an effect on citizens' participation in legislation. This has even been emphasized in the guideline of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). The main question of this is that what are the barriers and facilitators for representatives to use cyberspace, and what are the capacities of citizens' participation in legislation in the Islamic Consultative Assembly? For this research a qualitative method of grounded theory has been used. The participants were parliamentarians, and the sample, according to theoretical saturation, was 45 interviews. These interviews were analyzed using AtlasTI software. The open axes in this study were converted into eight axial codes. These codes were then categorized two main components: facilitators and barriers to the use of cyber space. The axes of network awareness, information recovery, information dissemination, and coordination were identified as facilitators. On the other hand, the axes of infrastructure weakness, inability to use, propaganda attacks, and the one-sided approach were identified as barriers. The results of the study show that in the field of official communication, parliament's website lacks the indicators considered by the World Inter-Parliamentary Union. Additionally, the official interactive facilities connected to organizational communication are not embedded within it. In the public virtual space desired results are still unreachable due to objections from the representatives.

The Civil Service Management Law was enacted in 2006 with three main objectives unifying the administrative and employment system, downsizing the government, and promoting meritocracy. This law addresses the existing complexities in hiring, employment terms, payment system, and pension funds within the public sector. Additionally, it sought to redefine the scope of activities for the public sector and streamline the government workforce, while promoting specialization and merit-based recruitment in the executive branches. After approximately 15 years of implementing this law, it is crucial to assess whether the aforementioned goals have been effectively achieved within legal system. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on available library resources, to evaluate the performance of the Civil Service Management Law in attaining its objectives. Findings show that various institutions and authorities have been excluded from the scope of this law, which contradicts intended goals of the legislation. Moreover, interpretative and executive policies that deviate from the original objectives of the law, as well as inadequate implementation strategies, are identified as significant obstacles and detrimental hindering the success of the civil service management law. Furthermore, according to the authors' argument attaining the first and third objectives, specifically the "integration of the administrative and employment system" and "meritocracy," face internal resulting from legislative deficiencies. On the other hand, obstacles to achieving the second goal, "downsizing the government," primarily stem from external executive factors. These challenges, both internal and external, have hindered the full realization of the goals set by the Civil Service Management Law.

The role of crime and social damage in undermining moral values and disrupting social order cannot be underestimated. These issues are influenced by factors such as inequality, discrimination, and injustice in various areas such culture, society, politics, and the economy. Movies, as an important cultural medium, serve as a valuable resource for understanding the causes of crime and social harm. This research focuses on Iranian court cinema and aims to explore how they portray crime and damage. The study analyzed 22 out of the 1744 films produced in Iranian cinema over the past four decades. A purposeful sampling approach was used, resulting in the selection of 10 films for analysis. These films were chosen due to the sensitive and taboo nature of the subject matter, as well as the potential attraction for public opinions. The qualitative research method, specifically Barth's narrative analysis, was employed. It involved coding the explicit and implicit messages and examining social codes at three different levels using the Fisk method. Four categories were identified to address the question of how crime and harm are represented in social disputes. The results show that murder, rape, and drug trafficking accounted for 62, 14, and 9 percent of the criminal acts portrayed in the selected court cinema, respectively. Acid attacks, child abuse, and abortion each accounted for only 1%. In terms of social harms, misogyny and divorces constituted 53% and 27%, respectively, while, suicide, addiction, and immigration each accounted for 5% of the films. It is worth noting that murder and misogyny emerged as the most prominent themes in Iranian court cinema over the decades. In the 1980 and 1990, rape and acid attacks not addressed in court dramas. While cinema has been successful in representing important aspects of crimes and harm throughout the societal changes, the analysis of the selected films suggests a discrepancy between the films produced and actual trends of crime and harm in society. This raises concerns regarding the subject design and content of court dramas. Utilizing the expertise of court filmmakers and focusing on real content can contribute to informing the society more effectively. To address this issue, it is recommended that the production of court films with the evolving nature of crimes and social issues.

The constitution has the principle of open court for public crimes, although it has made exceptions. In certain cases, it is not possible to hold public hearings, but in political crimes, according to the article no. 168, there are no such exceptions, and the courts are obliged to hold all hearings in public and not to prevent the presence of spectators. Unfortunately, in the Criminal Procedure Law passed in 2013, this matter is dealt with in a different way, and contrary to the unconditional openness of the constitution in Article 168 regarding the necessity of public hearings for political crimes, in this law (Articles 305 and 352) almost the same principle and exceptions of public hearings in other crimes are also applied to political crimes. Although this "exceptionality" of the criminal procedure law was associated with expediency, it almost made the situation close to the conditional constitutional and there are similar examples in the regulations of other countries from a comparative point of view, but it was in clear conflict with the "promulgation" of the article no. 168 of the constitution. So it is inevitable to revise such a law, therefore the legislator should pay special attention to this issue in the next amendments of the law.

Educational equality is a basic right. Due to the placement of this right in the second generation of human rights based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, governments are required to take measures to realize and protect this right. Governments' obligations in this field require different types of actions, including positive and protective actions such as legislation or negative actions and non-intervention; But due to the positive nature of this right, governments are often required to take actions to protect this right as much as possible. The purpose of this interdisciplinary research, is to examine the principle of equality of education in international documents and internal regulations of Iran and extracting the commitments of the Islamic Republic of Iran to in line with adducting this right, which requires examining the concept of equality and its differences with justice and explaining the based on procedural, historical and legislation duties of the government to implement these duties. This research is documentary, and sources such as books, articles, internal regulations and international documents were sources of data collection. The method of this research is argumentative and analytical-descriptive and has a practical aspect; For this purpose, the government's obligations were examined based on different readings of the concept of equality, and each of these views was explained in comparison with international documents and domestic laws, and then suggestions were made to realize equality in education in a higher level possible. It can be claimed that the principle of educational equality in Iran's laws has been ignored in several cases such as gender, ethnic and linguistic, religious, political and situational, and this has led to educational inequality. Therefore, it is necessary to implement the government's obligations towards this principle by passing effective laws, punishing violators and canceling unequal laws.

Nowadays, social networks such as Instagram are expanding rapidly, and this expansion of networks has had many consequences. One of the consequences of the Instagram as a social network is the emergence of micro-celebrities who are trying to gain fame in many ways. This research analyzes the effect of micro-celebrities on the social network and then on the society with a qualitative approach using netnography technique and a thematic analysis. The findings show that micro-celebrities cause many harms in the society, which can have consequences like altering reference groups, promotion of online betting, expansion of sexual stereotypes, expansion of pretentious consumption, isolation of elites, destruction of transcendental social values, expansion of beauty treatment advertisements, expansion Passive leisure and verbal violence pointed out.

The clause of the Law on Preventing and Countering Fraud in the producing Scientific Works, approved in 2016, is among the regulations that aim to protect intellectual property rights promote original and valuable science. Its purpose is to prevent and mitigate misconduct in the field of and technology, specifically those aimed at obtaining financial benefits or academic recognition. As the enforcement of this law has now reached the five-year mark, the objective of this research is to evaluate its implementation and to investigate any legislative and judicial challenges that may have arisen with an aim to provide useful solutions to the science and technology policymakers and legislators. In this article, an interpretive and analytical approach is used to analyze the content of the law and judicial procedures. Legislative and judicial challenges are examined, suggestions are provided based on the analysis of judicial decisions related to cases of fraud in the producing scientific works. These suggestions can enhance the effectiveness of the law and judicial procedures in achieving their intended objectives. Findings indicate that, despite the efforts of the policymaking body, the policy makes have challenges in achieving its goals in both preventing and addressing scientific fraud. However, through improved coordination between science and technology policymaking authority and the legislative and judicial bodies, the efficiency of the legal solutions can be enhanced, thereby reducing fraud in the producing scientific works.

The laws of the Islamic Consultative Assembly regarding sports in the country's political environment are a matter that plays a role alongside today's coherent and structured executive institutions. The purpose of this research is a qualitative analyze of the sports related laws for the time span of 1978 to 2021. This was done by analyzing the concepts and terms in the text of the laws in order to infer and reveal their hidden patterns and themes. For this purpose, coding, diagram drawing and extraction of categories were done with MAXQDA 2020 software. The statistical population of the research, was the laws and legal rulings of the parliament during the time window, and the sample was considered equal to the population, that was 76 laws and 383 legal rulings. The results of the research showed 10 main categories including organization, public sports, training sports, championship sports, professional sports, legal development of sports affairs, development of sports culture, development of facilities and infrastructure, transfer of ownership and support of sports. These categories makes the structure of the Iran's sports development model that is drawn from the perspective of the laws of the parliament. It indicates that sports has a foot step in various dimensions of governance; in other words, legislation is suitable for realizing the exalted position of sports in terms of content. Legislations toward exaltation of sport  is partially neglected due to the inconsistency and insular attitude of the governing bodies, including regulatory and executive bodies which is caused by the conflict of interests of their internal stakeholders in the field of sports.

Local governments have taken many decisions in different periods of time, strategic planning being one of them. The purpose of this research is to identify the underlying damage of strategic planning in local organizations. This research is developmental-applicative in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. This research was conducted with a mixed research approach, in which information was collected in the qualitative part by studying related texts and interviewing experts (20 university professors and members of local organizations). From the interviews conducted using the theme analysis method, 33 subcategories were identified and coded and divided into four behavioral, knowledge, communication and institutional categories. In the quantitative part, to fuzzify the experts' point of view, triangular fuzzy numbers with a 9-degree fuzzy spectrum were used, all indicators were accepted by the experts, and finally they were leveled through the method of structural-interpretive equations and using the self-interactive table of strategic planning damages. As a result, political behaviors, lack of negotiation skills, lack of communication technologies, lack of communication with extra-organizational elements, lack of effectiveness of laws and improper organization were identified as underlying harms and were classified into four independent, interface, autonomous and dependent categories with the Mikmaq matrix. Solutions for improving strategic planning in the country's local organizations were presented to independent experts.

One of the key tools of cultural diplomacy is language and literature. Therefore, this research aims to examine the role and significance of Persian language and literature in the development of cultural diplomacy among three Farsi-speaking countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan between 2005-2021. The research focuses on assessing the effectiveness of Iran's efforts in designing Farsi educational content for schools and universities in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, as well as the of cross-border media in various formats, such as written, visual, audio, multimedia, virtual platforms, with a particular emphasis on Persian language promotion for the people of these two countries. This is a descriptive research that relies on library scanning, internet searches, virtual document sources, and governmental agencies reports. Analysis of the available documents reveals that the IR Iran has undertaken various in the development of textbooks for schools in Afghanistan and Tajikistan. However, in the field of higher education, the activities have primarily involved the provision of printed books from Iran in these countries. In the media sector, Iran has achieved favorable outcomes in establishing radio networks and news websites, but dedicated television channels for the people of Afghanistan and Tajikistan have not been successfully implemented. Taking into account the cultural commonalities, such as a shared language and literature, the Islamic Republic of Iran has the potential to foster development and strengthen relations among the three Farsi-speaking through the deepening of cultural diplomacy efforts.

Legal protection of personal data is essential as an aspect of human rights and an example of citizenship rights. Comprehensive protection of personal data and individuals that are subjects of data collection has been realized in some countries despite special laws and regulations in this field. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the general data protection regulations of the European Union, which is a model for comprehensive protection of personal data. One of the protective dimensions of these regulations is the specification of the guarantee of the implementation of any measure against the violation of the right to personal data. The law enforcement procedures expressed in these regulations has brought these regulations closer to their goal, i.e. restoring the violated rights of the individuals in relation to the data and realizing the full protection of personal data. One of the most important examples of such enforcement guaranty is the existence of the right to compensation and the imposition of fines by regulatory authorities. By explaining each of the aforementioned enforcement procedures based on European regulations and their comparative analysis in Iran's legal system, it was found that the enforcement guarantees are also acceptable in Iranian law for violating the right to personal data; However, the comprehensive protection of personal data and the efficient realization of this enforcement guarantees are achieved by the legislator's stipulation.

Corruption means the misuse of public and government resources in line with individual goals in an illegal manner. In line to this definition, the main goal of the research is to study the factors affecting the occurrence of corruption, using  a inductive and qualitative meta-synthesis method in the period from 1996 to 2013. Therefore, with non-probability (deliberate) sampling of 96 scientific documents (extracted from Noormags, Magiran and Irandoc) and after screening, 43 cases were selected as the sample size by deliberate-non-probability method and entered the analysis phase with Excell software and They became MAXQDA 2022. The results show that in Iran, moral anomie (weakness of moral values of society, weakness of religious affiliations and weakness of organizational ethics), cultural anomie (inappropriate cultural adaptability; anti-values lifestyle and cultural abnormality); Social anomie (malfunctioning of social capital; social discrimination; malfunctioning of social institutions and prevalence of social abnormality); Anomie of social control (crisis of formal and informal control system); Organizational-institutional anomie (organizational bias; organizational discrimination; weak organizational governance and administrative dysfunction); Educational anomie (weakness of social media; low information literacy and educational dysfunction); Economic anomie (economic instability; economic pressures and discrimination and business climate crisis) and political anomie (weakness of political governance; malfunctioning of political institutions and political deviations) have been effective in the tendency to corruption.