پژوهشنامه مدیریت حوزه آبخیز
پیاپی 28 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Soil erosion reduces soil fertility, weakens vegetation, deposits sediments, deforms and fills rivers due to floods, and reduces water quality. Therefore, the precision of soil erosion estimation is essential for proper watershed management. Among all-soil erosion prediction models proposed for storm-scale, one of the most widely used is the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Due to the importance of the LS factor in small watersheds with complex topography on the final estimation of the RUSLE model, in this current research, the soil erosion results were obtained from four different LS factor methods were investigated.

Soil erosion obtained by the RUSLE model and four methods of LS factor calculation including the Moore et al. (1991), Desmet and Govers (1996), Boehner and Selige (2006), and manual method; for 38 storm events recorded during 2011 to 2019 for the Galazchai Watershed, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran.

The results showed that the mean of the topographic factor for Moore et al. (1991), Desmet and Govers (1996), Boehner and Selige (2006), and manual methods were 9.91, 5.26, 13.29, and 6.54, respectively. Comparison analysis of the methods used by the manual method showed that the ratio of the estimated mean values varied from 0.80 to 2.03. Comparing the mean of LS maps with the manual method as the basic method and calculating error estimation found that Desmet and Govers' (1996) method was more successful in the LS factor estimation, resulting in better estimation of soil erosion for the study storm events. Despite the difference in soil erosion values, almost the same spatial pattern was observed in all methods.

Analysis of the results obtained from different LS factor methods in the Galazchai Watershed verified the significant effect of the studied methods on the estimated soil erosion. Therefore, soil erosion studies need to select an appropriate method to achieve precise soil erosion to prevent errors and minimize uncertainties. Incorrect estimation of soil erosion leads to erroneous management of watersheds and loss of money and energy. The present study is new in term of comparative evaluation of one of the sensetive factors in USLE and its different versions on the estimated storm-wise soil loss at the watershed scale. It is also innovative in viewpoint of focusing on the necessity of selection of appropriate computational methods for the local managers and experts. Extensive studies are recommended to investigate other methods of calculating LS, and even other RUSLE factors at different scales are recommended for a better conclusion.

The main purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model for integrated management of irrigation network based on water, food and energy linkage (Nexus). This requires identifying the main concerns related to irrigation networks, introducing and reflecting important decision variables and interactions between them, which explains the dynamics of water, food and energy chains within the boundaries a unit (irrigation network) of a catchment. This approach has received less attention in the management of irrigation networks, which is expected to solve some of the problems of irrigation network management. The method used in this research is based on a review of the Nexus chain management literature, the concepts of sustainability and security of water, food and energy resources in irrigation networks, and a practical approach to system dynamics. The major part of the research relied on field activities, including inspection to irrigation networks and interviews with provincial experts, specialists and technicians, Agricultural water users. Important variables affecting the integrated management of irrigation networks, which have been used in designing the framework, analyzing and determining behavioral patterns, were identified.

The eight main concerns of irrigation networks as important mechanisms of system dynamics for both levels (network management and field management) were identified as follows:- Subsystem of water resource limitation in the domain of an irrigation network that affects the growth of the most important economic loop in the region (Limit to growth Archetype). The combined subsystem in the face of the weakness of the equity index in the network (the success to the successful archetype in obtaining more water resources, the shifting the burden archetype in providing the water needs of the downstream farmers and the escalation archetype in the increase in the amount of water needed as a result of changes in the cultivation pattern in general Agriculture of the region). The set of personal and managerial actions in the face of the shortage of water volume available in the network resulting from the adoption of decisions without long-term consequences (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in meeting water needs from groundwater resources, allocation of more water resources to meet network obligations and changes in the cultivation pattern to obtain more yields).The set of individual decisions of farmers and the symptomatic solutions of managers in the face of unsupplied water demand in the agricultural sector (a combination archetypes of fixes that backfire for unauthorized access to groundwater resources and the archetype of shifting the burden in the face of network managers with the problem of illegal harvesting activities by providing a solution for choking wells).Product performance subsystem (problem of using agricultural inputs) (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in farmers' use of agricultural inputs and the its consequences on land salinity, as well as increasing the farmed area to achieve more yield).The subsystem of facing the most important problem of the agricultural sector (water productivity in agriculture), (the archetype of shifting the burden in dealing network officials with improving water productivity through improving network efficiencyversus the fundamental solution of improving water productivity at the agricultural block level and archetype of fixes that backfire of the development of the arrangement delivery plan with the tools of educating to farmers in front of the long-term side effects of more management of water delivered to farmers). The subsystem of noticeable decrease in the utility of the network (the archetype of eroding goals in accordance with the pressures on the network managers and ultimately the downgrading of the initial goals of the irrigation network plan, which requires a review of the structural infrastructure and managerial empowerment in the irrigation network). The explanation subsystem of the Nexus index as the main combined index from the point of view of water, food and energy (providing a fundamental solution to improve the utility versus increasing the farmed area as an ineffective symptomatic solution in this field).

According to the main concerns, behavioral patterns were explained and identified based on the decision mechanisms of water users and network managers, in the short and long term, and their side effects. Six system archetypes were identified that represent the dynamics of the irrigation network and predict the future utility of the network based on the water, food and energy chain (Nexus). These archetypes include: "Limit to Growth", "Fixes that Backfire", "Success to the Successful", "Escalation", "Eroding goals" and "Shifting the Burden".

Three strategies for controlling the above mechanisms as regional Solution (local strategies) are proposed as follows: a- Water Distribution Improvement Schemes, b- Determining the Crop pattern and Irrigation density in proportion to the network capacity and c- Groundwater Extraction Control. As a result of this research, a conceptual model has been developed whose main achievement is to recommend the modification of the existing process of distribution schemes along with the modification of the crop pattern in accordance with the primary design and the water need of farmers.

Gully erosion is one of the factors threatening the environmental balance and its stability and plays a prominent role in increasing the sedimentation capacity of watersheds and changing the hydrological characteristics of surface streams. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the maximum disorder machine learning model in order to prepare a gully erosion sensitivity map in the Semnan watershed. Identifying the most important environmental factors affecting the occurrence of gully erosion using the jackknife method and examining the importance of each environmental factor in the study area by analyzing the response curves are other goals of this research.

This research consist of five main steps: the first step is choosing the study area, collecting and preparing maps of the effective factors, the second step is preparing the distribution map of the ditch erosion event, the third step is the multiple collinearity test with the index of the tolerance coefficient and the variance inflation factor in order to check the information overlap of the effective factors. and checking the importance of the factors, the fourth step is to implement the maximum irregularity or maximum irregularity model, prepare a zoning map of sensitivity to the event of gully erosion and classify it into five categories: very low, low, medium, high and very high, the fifth step is to evaluate the classification accuracy and validate the zoning map and Prediction of sensitivity to gully erosion.

According to the results, among the 23 initial factors or variables, the factors of the waterway slope length index, surface curvature, and waterway power index had colinearity or overlapping information, and in the next stages, they were removed from entering the modeling process, and modeling was carried out with 20 independent factors or variables. The gully erosion sensitivity map of the studied area showed that the southern and southern parts of the Semnan watershed are prone to gully erosion. Also, the zoning results obtained from the implementation of the maximum irregularity model indicate that the areas prone to gully erosion are in high areas, sensitive rock units (quaternary clay and marl zones), average annual rainfall, Eridesville soil type, ultra-arid climate, high drainage density classes, low slope, low lands without geographical slope, high topographic moisture index, pasture land use and low land surface texture are observed. Also, the maximum irregularity model has 91% and 89% accuracy in the calibration and validation stages, respectively, which in terms of efficiency is in the very good category for predicting gully erosion prone areas.

About 35% of the area of high and very high sensitivity areas resulting from the implementation of the maximum irregularity model include more than 90% of the ditches in the region. Also, the maximum irregularity model in the stages of implementation or development and prediction or validation with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with the values of 0.91 and 0.89, respectively, is effective in zoning and predicting the occurrence of gully erosion. This result will be useful for local managers and planners as well as executive experts in order to identify areas prone to gully erosion and determine the best implementation methods of watershed operations for soil protection approaches.

This research set out to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of groundwater resources in Bam-Narmashir plain by using Geographic Information System and Geostatistics.

In this regard, the geostatistical method of Kriging and Geographic Information System was used to investigate the spatial distribution of qualitative characteristics (e.g., chlorine content, electrical conductivity, dissolved solute concentration, magnesium, potassium, acidity, sulfate, and bicarbonate) and the groundwater quality index (GQI) as well as the depth of ground water in the ten-year statistical period of 2011-2021.

The results of the preparation of spatial distribution maps of water quality variables in the statistical period revealed an increase of the value of these parameters (except for the pH variable) from the south to the north of the plain. So that from the middle of the plain to the north, this increasing trend becomes more intense. The results of preparing the difference map of GQI index during the 10-year period under investigation indicated that the quality of ground water improved in a small area of the plain and in other areas of the plain, especially in the northern parts, the difference of this index at the beginning and end this period increased by more than 400 units. This issue shows the severe drop in water quality during this period in most parts of the plain. The results of the groundwater depth change map disclosed that, except for a very small part in the middle parts of the plain, in other parts of the plain were observed a drop in the level of underground water reported to be 52 meter in the most western part of the plain and on average about 9.8 meter in other parts of the plain.

The results of this research showed that the quality of ground water was good for drinking purposes in a very small part of the south of the plain as an except, having an unsuitable for drinking purposes category in other parts of the plain. Overharvesting and lowering of the aquifer's water level has caused the rise of salt water and the interference of the salt and fresh water table in all areas of the plain especially its central areas, which the continuation of this process can increase the salinity of the aquifer to such an extent causing deterioration of all activities in agriculture and animal husbandry in the region. Furthermore, in the results of quantitative study of ground water indicated a strong and increasing trend in the amount of exploitation leading a decrease in the level of groundwater.

Road construction operation in the forest is one of the most important cost factors in the field of forest management. The most important part of the construction of a road is its pavement, and the highest cost in the section of road completion and restoration is related to the cost of pavement. Therefore, the focus of management studies and planning is more in this sector. The aim of this study is identified of the effective factors in the destruction of forest road pavement in order to reduce the costs of forest road repair and maintenance in Azarrood sub-basin located in Savadkoh city in Mazandaran province.

For this purpose, 139 samples (with dimensions of 10.5 * 5.5 meters) were selected from the first-class forest roads in the series, then the physiographic variables of the area, the geometric shape of the forest roads and the grading of pavement materials were measured in each sample. In order to measure the pavement deterioration, the parameters of the volume of potholes, the volume of longitudinal grooves, the amount of stone protrusion surface and the volume of transverse grooves or shutters were measured. The relative importance of each of the pavement failure parameters was determined based on the process of hierarchical analysis and using experts' opinions. To model and determine the effect of each of the independent variables, two methods of multiple linear regression and random forest model were used.

The modeling results showed that the random forest method with an explanation factor of 89% compared to the linear regression method with an explanation factor of 28.4% had better results in modeling and analyzing the effects of variables on forest road pavement damage. Also, the results showed that in both modeling methods, the longitudinal slope of the road and the percentage of clay and granularity of road pavement materials are the most important factors in the damage of the entire road pavement.

In general, the results showed that the damage of the whole road was directly related to the increase in the size of the aggregates and the increase in the length of the tangent. Therefore, it is suggested to select the type of materials more carefully during the road construction operation and consider them in the road design.

A spatial survey of the degree of vulnerability is an important step in order to identify vulnerable areas and make decisions to protect natural resources and achieve sustainable development. Therefore. the present research the present study was conducted with the aim of spatially investigating the degree of vulnerability of Dorodzan Dam watershed in Fars’s province with a climatic approach.

Climatic data of 9 climatology station in the period 1991-2020 was used. indicators affecting the vulnerability of the watershed were extracted. including wet season. dry season. cold season temperature. hot season temperature. maximum wind speed. and height above sea level. After determining the aforementioned indicators. the overall vulnerability index (OVP) was calculated.

In this method. vulnerability indicates the performance. nature. rate of climate change in the watershed.  The results showed that the dry season index ranged from 6.40 to 66.19 mm for Chamriz and Emamzadeh Ismail stations and the wet season index ranged from 70.67 to 538.03 mm for Eghlid and Chamriz is variable. Also. the cold period index was 1.77 to 2.65 °C for Dorodzan and Zarghan stations. respectively. and the warm period index was 1.52 to 2.21 °C for Chamriz and Zarghan stations. respectively. The maximum wind speed index was calculated between 0.08 and 0.85 km/h for Eghlid and Dorodzan stations. respectively.  Altitude was also assessed.  The results based on the analysis of climatic indicators show that the total vulnerability index in the Dorodzan dam reservoir is between 25.7 to 34.2 and fall within reversible class.

Given the results obtained and considering the good Potential of this watershed. the need to consider management and preventive measures against drought and flood threats caused by climate change and human change is important. Considering that according to the standard of the mentioned method. the index is less than 40 in the reversible range. therefore. according to the location of the vulnerability index of the studied area with the climatic approach. it can be concluded that although the region has undergone many changes especially in recent years however. due to the slight changes in climatic indicators in the long term. this watershed is still far from the limits of resilience from physical aspects. and with the adoption of suitable management patterns. it has the ability to return to ideal conditions.The results of the research. in addition to expressing the importance of the effects of climate change. will help their application in the application of correct and compatible management with climate change in future watershed management policies.

In recent years, the use of SWAT model has been used as a common tool for simulating flow rate, sediment production and evaluating different scenarios to reduce sediment production and runoff. The current research also aims to evaluate the changes in runoff and sediment under the influence of irrigation water reduction, using the SWAT model in the irrigation and drainage network of Dez River.

Recalibration and validation of the model for simulating runoff (Shoshtar, Arab Asad, Shavor Bridge, Harmeleh and Bamdej stations) and sedimentation (Shoshtar, Shavor Bridge, Harmaleh and Bamdezh stations) using statistical data from 1995 to 2012 and 2013 It was done until 2017. The simulation results were also evaluated using R2 and NSE coefficients. Then the scenarios of 10, 20 and 30% reduction of irrigation water were introduced to the model to evaluate their effect on runoff and sedimentation of the study area.

The results of model evaluation using R2 and NSE coefficients indicate the appropriate performance of the model in simulating the mentioned parameters. The results of the evaluation of scenarios of 10, 20 and 30 percent reduction of irrigation water show that applying the 10 percent scenario had the least impact on the amount of sedimentation. On the other hand, applying the scenario of 30% reduction of irrigation water will increase the runoff (30-60%) due to the reduction of the collection of runoffs for irrigation purposes and consequently the increase of the amount of sediment (20-50%) in the irrigation and drainage network of Dez River. The obtained results indicate that the increase in the amount of runoff in the basin, especially in the rainy season, has caused an increase in erosion and consequently an increase in sediment in the basin. Therefore, it can be stated that the time of applying the scenario and the characteristics of the soil in the area are the most effective components on the amount of runoff and sediment in the basin.

According to the results obtained, according to the effect of runoff on erosion and the amount of sediment in a watershed, it is necessary to use methods to control and reduce runoff, such as watershed operations, structures to contain and store runoff, and use modern irrigation methods to prevent soil erosion. Because traditional irrigation methods, in addition to water losses, cause a decrease in soil fertility and an increase in sediment in the drains of agricultural lands. In lands that are irrigated by traditional methods, sometimes the amount of water used is more than the infiltration capacity of the soil. This causes erosion of the surface layer of the soil by the runoff from water accumulation. Therefore, agricultural management approaches in basins prone to soil erosion should be focused on modern irrigation methods with minimum runoff and drainage output.

Maintaining and improving environmental security and quality of life is still the main challenge of the current period. Conservation of natural resources, especially in rural communities, requires effective communication between resource managers and indigenous communities. However, environmental conflict hinders the effectiveness of communication strategies. Therefore, in order to remove the obstacles to the participation of indigenous and local communities, it is possible to identify and prioritize the factors that lead to their poor cooperation in watershed management projects. In this regard, the purpose of the upcoming research is to examine and prioritize the obstacles to the participation of local communities in the watershed management projects of the Tajan river basin of Hyrcanian forests.

The research area is located in the area of Tajan river forests in the north of the country with an area of 30685 hectares in Mazandaran province. Identifying the effective factors on the barriers to people's participation in the watershed projects of the Tajan river area of the northern forests of the country was done based on library studies, asking experts, referring to the area, and face-to-face interviews with the residents of local communities. In the upcoming research, barriers to participation were categorized as 8 indicators. The tool for measuring and collecting data was a questionnaire. The group of experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaires. In order to check reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. In order to know the views of local communities about the importance of these factors, among the 425 household heads in the basin, 202 samples were selected according to Cochran's formula and questionnaires were completed. Also, to know the opinion of experts, questionnaires were completed by 23 experts. Alfie Cronbach's test checked the reliability of the questionnaires. In the following, the indicators affecting the weak participation of local communities in watershed projects were simultaneously ranked and prioritized using the OPA method.

The results showed that in prioritizing the criteria from the point of view of the researched communities using the Dimatel model, the educational criterion was chosen as the most effective criterion. Also, the results of the average rating of the indicators showed that the index "Interest in participating in forest projects" has the highest average rating of 4.72 among the indicators examined in the upcoming research. In addition, the results of weighting using the OPA model showed that the index "Participation in planting and fencing of Qargh areas" has the highest rank and the most weight among the indicators affecting the barriers to sustainable participation of local communities with a rank of 1 and a weight of 0.28.

The findings of the research show that, based on the opinion of those involved, if the education tools are properly provided to these communities, they are ready to participate and participate in the implementation of the plans.

The correct estimation of flood flow in rivers is an important issue and plays a significant role in the optimal use of water resources, operation of dam reservoirs, and the design and planning of water projects.

In this research, a simple and conceptual method based on Manning's formula in real flow conditions is used to estimate the flood flow discharge. In this method, firstly, for the combined effect of friction slope and Manning's roughness coefficient, the alpha parameter (α) was defined and calculated for 12 hydrometric stations located in three main rivers of Golestan province (including Gorganrood, Atrak, and Qarasoo).

The results showed that the value of this parameter decreases continuously with the increase of the flow depth and finally asymptotically reaches a constant value. This behavior shows that the value of α is nearly constant for the upper flow depths which indicate the occurrence of floods, and hence using this constant value and the Manning formula, the river flood discharge can be estimated. In the next step, we tried to provide a regression model between the Alpha parameter and the flow depth. The regression modeling results showed that for most of the hydrometric stations, the coefficients of determination (R2) of the presented equations are smaller than 0.3 which demonstrates its low efficiency. For this reason, machine learning models were used and the parameter was modeled by the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Decision Tree (M5tree), and Support Vector Regression (SVR) models.

The modeling results showed that the decision tree model with a mean absolute error of 0.35, determination coefficient of 0.88, and root mean square error of 0.86 has the best accuracy in the test phase. After determining the parameter α, the amount of flood discharge was predicted. The best performance among the models was the decision tree in predicting the flow rate in rivers. After comparing the observed values, the decision tree model has an average absolute error of 1.32, a determination coefficient of 0.89, and an average square root error of 63. 3. It has the best accuracy in the test phase.

Drought as a climatic phenomenon is considered as one of the most important natural hazards, which is known for its slow onset and may have multiple effects on hydrology, agriculture and socio-economic conditions. Drought monitoring includes its severity, spatial distribution, and duration, and becomes an essential input for establishing drought risk management and mitigation plans. Many drought indicators have been introduced and applied in recent decades in regions with different climatic characteristics.

In this study, the meteorological and hydrological drought of Tajan watershed in Mazandaran province was evaluated and monitored using standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized streamflow index (SSI). For this purpose, firstly, the data of six stations Rain gauges and eight hydrometric stations were used in the period of 1990-2020, after removing the statistical deficiencies and completing the data of rainfall, flow rate, homogeneity and normality of the data. Finally, the meteorological and hydrological drought process was analyzed with the mentioned two indicators using Mann-Kendall test and Sen slope estimator in MAKESENS software.

The results showed that the SPI index has the highest response to rainfall on a one-month scale, so that its lowest value was at Kordkheil station with a value of -3.31, the most severe drought that occurred in April 2011. On the other hand, droughts have occurred in all rain gauge stations and their intensity has increased over time. According to the SSI index, hydrological drought has also occurred in all hydrometric stations with different intensities. The trend of these indicators also shows the increase in intensity and frequency of drought with the passage of time in the studied watershed.

In Darabkola and Kordkheil stations, the SPI index has the highest number of years of occurrence and the highest intensity of drought. In Darabkola station, the frequency of moderate, severe and very severe droughts are relatively high. Very, very severe drought in Edareh Sari station has the highest amount in terms of frequency, which indicates that there is the greatest risk of drought occurrence in the plains and plains of the basin. The results of the trend with the Mann-Kendall test indicate an increase in drought and a decrease in rainfall in the Tajan watershed. Due to climate changes, increase in demand due to increase in population and decrease in rainfall, the occurrence of drought in the future may occur with more frequency and intensity, which can cause great damage to agriculture and other parts of the region. The SSI index in hydrometric stations indicates the decrease in flow and the occurrence of hydrological drought in the basin.

Excessive exploitation of groundwater in Damghan plain has caused many problems such as land subsidence in the study area, along with the reduction of the groundwater level and the loss of a part of the aquifer and the reduction of the specific yield of aquifer. Therefore, in order to control the withdrawal from the aquifer and as a result to reduce the drop in the groundwater level in that plain, it was investigated. For this purpose, in this research, the mathematical modeling of Damghan Plain was done for the optimal management of exploitation and providing the optimal cultivation pattern in order to save water consumption with the focus on controlling the groundwater level and limiting land subsidence.

In this research, Damghan plain aquifer was first simulated using MODFLOW mathematical model. Then, taking into account different scenarios of aquifer exploitation, using the NSGAII genetic algorithm, optimization of multi-objective exploitation of water resources and optimal management of water supply and demand in the agricultural sector was done. The results of the model were evaluated based on statistical error parameters to predict the ground water level.

The results of this research showed that the MODFLOW numerical model was able to simulate the groundwater level of the studied plain well in steady and unsteady conditions in the calibration and validation stages. Also, the results of the simulation-optimization algorithm showed that by changing the cultivation pattern and also by changing the type of irrigation system from traditional to modern irrigation and as a result of increasing the irrigation efficiency (90 percent), the average drop of the groundwater level of the plain can be reduced. It reduced the groundwater level of the study area from 0.49 m in existing conditions to 0.07 m in optimal conditions. This will compensate the deficit of the aquifer from 31.90 to 5.1 million cubic meters per year.

Using management strategies such as changing the cultivation pattern, increasing irrigation efficiency, and also by controlling surface water and injecting it into groundwater, the process of reducing the groundwater level in the studied plain can be completely controlled and provided 100% of the water needs of the plain.

The watershed as a planning and management unit considering all socio-economic, physical, ecological, technical and organizational dimensions, has been accepted by the scientific community, which is being damaged and degraded due to the stresses caused especially by climate change and human activities. In such a way that climate  and land use change, damage to biological diversity, inceasing waste water and soil erosion along with many other issues indicate inappropriate human intervention. Therefore, the effective management of watersheds requires understanding the connections between its different components and dynamics in order to achieve the desired output. Apparently, the most fundamental step in watershed management plans is to recognize the potential threats to find out their causes and, as a result, identify the main management solutions. Therefore, before formulating work plans, it is necessary to investigate the root of the threats and determine the management scenarios.

The purpose of this research is to determine the management options using the DPSIR approach, which first identifies the problems of the watershed and then provides management responses. In this approach, the investigated components are driving forces, pressure, situation, impact, response and the relationship between them. Prioritizing the components through the preparation of a Likert scale questionnaire based on a descriptive-analytical study, library studies, holding meetings with experts, watershed residents, village councils, asking questions, discussing, exchanging opinions, visiting the area and the use of Friedman's test has been done.

The findings of the research show that five effective driving forces in the watershed have caused 12 influential pressures, which have resulted in four situations and nine important effects that have resulted in 18 responses. Moreover, the result shows that out of the five influential driving forces in the watershed, the development of orchards and agriculture and climate change are the most important and influential factors with an average rating of 3.74 and 3.16, respectively, which cause pressure on the watershed and reduce the natural vegetation of the area. Overgrazing, excessive exploitation of water and soil resources are important pressures that lead to increasing soil erosion, flooding, and also a decrease in water yeild of the region, which will result in a decrease in fodder production, habitat destruction, and increase in the living costs of the communities in the watershed area. Therefore, the response to these components, including the consequences and pressures, and consistent management practices can provide promising results in improving the watershed, environment, and current communities.

The results of providing educational and extension programs of natural resources behavior, employment generation and creating alternative jobs, watershed management measures at the with an average rating of 12.7, 12.16 and 12.04 were the most important solutions in this research