نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 44، تابستان 1402)

This research aimed to investigate the factors of repulsion and attraction in the migration of villages by focusing on the narratives of migrants. Most of the research that have dealt with this issue have generally ignored the mental interpretation of immigrants regarding the factors affecting the repulsion of the origin and the attractiveness of the destination. The population studied in this research are families who migrated from Kamfirouz and settled in Saadi and Javadiyeh towns of Shiraz. The narrative method was used to obtain the life narrative of these people. Moreover, the interview method was used to collect the required data. The interviews were conducted using an exploratory approach and in a semi-structured manner in the residences of these people. After 22 detailed interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Four obtained models are: 1) Immigrant families with economic poverty; 2) Families that have undergone normative value transformation; 3) Rural landowners living on the outskirts of the city; 4) Families interested in work and constant effort (work culture). The results showed that from the participants’ perspective, the repulsive factors are lack of development, seasonal unemployment, lack of welfare and educational facilities, intense collective surveillance and violation of privacy of personal life. Moreover, urban attractiveness factors are the acquisition of higher social status, modern orientation, the existence of a network of previous acquaintances, the availability of suitable educational facilities, and higher welfare facilities in the city.

Tourism is one of the global issues that well expresses the combination of economic, social and cultural affairs. This study aimed to investigate the driving factors of the mixed marketing on the desire for shopping among pilgrims and tourists who stay in 3- and 5-star hotels in Mashhad. Different measures of central tendency were used to describe descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for inferential statistics. The number of religious tourists in Mashhad have been reported to be 31,188,664 people, so out of the population, 9,792,252 resided in 3-star hotels and 776,552 resided in 5-star hotels. The sample size was determined 380 participants according to Cochran’s formula. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. In analysis of structural equations, the proposed model for investigating the relationship between marketing stimuli and pilgrims buying behavior presents fit indices. The results showed that mixed marketing factors have an effect on individual factors (occupation, economic status and personality). To change consumers’ buying behavior, as the first priority, psychological factors such as attitude, motivation and purpose of purchase should be taken into consideration and as the second priority, socio-cultural factors such as education, family, and social roles should be considered. The third priority was to simultaneously pay attention to individual factors such as job factors, economic status and personality, and mixed marketing driving factors such as product, price, promotion and distribution in Mashhad. This way, it could impact positively the quality of travel, the image of city as tourist-friendy city, and increase the number and quality of travels.

The conflict between husband and wife seems an inseparable component and an inevitable thing in married life, which usually occurs after passing the first passionate period of joint life. Unlike in the past, women as active members of society refer to  counseling centers when conflicts arise to find effective solutions to resolve conflicts, live with less worries, learn how to face problems correctly, strive for family cohesion, and find a way out of it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the genre of experience of women with marital conflict from visiting a family counseling center. This research was carried out using Rogers' person-centered therapy, Chesler's feminist family therapy approach, White and Epstein's narrative therapy, and the typological narrative analysis method in 2021 in a counseling center in Isfahan. The participants in the research were 17 married women with marital conflict who had visited the counseling center. They were were selected using maximum variety method and subjected to narrative interviews. The findings showed that most women's experience of consulting a counselor is narrated in the genre of romance. Based on the issue that women rely on their abilities as heroes of life, they are looking for a solution to resolve marital conflicts and consider going to the counseling center as a part of this inner motivation, whether their efforts lead to solving the problem or not. A group of women who have problems, take the common life lightly and make it possible to continue the common life with skill training. On the other hand, another group who perceive marital conflicts as chronic and do not consider their efforts to continue life fruitful, also experience the divorce. It can be concluded that women's experience of visiting counseling centers is a step towards solving conflicts.

Family is a small group consisting of a woman, a man, and children, whose basic and inseparable feature is intimacy. There are many factors that affect the family structure and its strength, cause disruption in the relationship between couples, conflict between family members, and ultimately provide the conditions for family breakup. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between couples’ communication skills and their relationship with family breakups among married people in Tabriz. The main question of the research is: What is the relationship between the communication skills of couples and the breakup of the family? The method of research is survey and the data collection tool was a questionnaire. The target population is married people living in three urban Districts (5, 7, and 8) of Tabriz. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 of them were selected as members a statistical sample through cluster and random sampling. The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between communication skills and family breakup; that is, the increase of communication skills between couples decreases the risk of family breakup, and vice versa. Moreover, the findings on the examination of average difference in family breakup and communication skills according to the level of education showed that there is a difference between groups with higher education and lower education. That is, the level of education of couples is a significant factor in establishing communication and preventing it from the breakup of the family.

Max Weber's sociology cannot be easily placed under both positivism and understanding-interpretation paradigms. Examining Weber's theories shows that his works have many components of critical realism. Critical realism believes that the real world exists independently of human knowledge. The world consists of structures, forces, mechanisms, and events. The world maintains itself through these properties. In the social world, social actions can play the role of causal mechanisms and create outcomes. The causes of actors happen in a specific social situation, and are among the issues that create a phenomenon. In fact, structures activate causal mechanisms in the social context and shape an event. This paradigm uses structure/mechanism/context/event configuration to explain the social world. In this way, it uses a retroduction strategy, and abstract concepts and models. Influenced by neo-Kantians, Weber’s epistemic system differentiates between reality and value. It is a specialized science that examines reality. Social reality is a meaningful phenomenon that can be described by what is called meaning adequacy, and can be explained, which is called causal sufficiency. Weber's strategy is understanding and retroduction strategy. The book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is an example of a hermeneutic interpretation and a brilliant example of the discovery of the causal mechanism, in which dignified group, the Protestants, through the religious orientation of asceticism and the value of work, were able to shape the capitalist economic spirit willingly and unwillingly

Cultural consumption is a social activity and daily behavior, and culture is produced or fertilized by these actions. Cultural consumption organizes our lifestyle and the shape of our needs and desires, and provides the necessary materials for creating our imaginations and dreams. It shows social differences and distinctions and shows our secondary products in using existing tools. In recent years, considering the importance of cultural consumption in Iran, several studies have been conducted in this regard. Due to the abundance and diversity of research conducted in the field of cultural consumption, a combination of research in this area like a meta-analysis seems to be necessary. The main question of this research is: What are the most important factors affecting cultural consumption research conducted in Iran? Meta-analysis method was used for this study. Population of the study consisted scientific papers on the factors of cultural consumption, published between 2001 and 2021. Comprehensive Meta-analysis software was used to conduct the meta-analysis of articles. The results showed that Socio-Economic Status (SES), cultural capital, age, and social relations, compared to other factors, had more significant impact on cultural consumption in Iran. The results showed that the relationship between SES and cultural consumption in the reviewed studies is positive and at a medium level (effect size=0.37). The relationship between cultural capital and cultural consumption in the studies reviewed is positive and at medium level (effect size=0.32). Results showed that the combined effects of the relationship between age and cultural consumption in the reviewed studies is negative and low (0.26).

Iran’s urban spaces over the Islamic period can be considered a combination of completely interwoven public and private spaces. Tea-houses as new social places formed a new kind of urban socialization from Safavid period onwards. Taking various functions, the places played a significant role in developing public issues. The places at the beginning had a recreational function, though the function undertook changes as religious context of Iran and its events influenced them, so that they experienced many changes. Exploring the functions of the spaces will provide a view to the study of socio-cultural history of Iran’s society. Such a study requires due attention, investigation, and analysis of all its dimensions affecting the socio-economic and political relations. Taking the issues into consideration, relying on library resources, and applying a descriptive-analytical approach, this study dealt with various functions of tea-houses and their development over Safavid and Qajar periods. The results showed that the recreational-leisure, religious, literary, artistic, and political functions of the places have changed continuously over the periods. The functions are assumed to be abstract and independent, but due to the religious context of Iran and Iranians’ strong religious beliefs over the periods, the functions sometimes have been intermingled. Tea-houses have had positive influences on preserving and spreading national, ethnic, and religious culture and some artistic manifestations of Iran. They, however, have not been void of some mal-functions and increasing social crimes. The mal-functions became more expanded when modernistic elements expanded in Iran society in Qajar era and drastically influenced other functions.

This study took a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were done with 17 experts, using content analysis. The sampling was done purposefully using snowball method, with the criterion of having executive and operational records or scientific and research records in the fields of marketing and public sports. In the quantitative phase, a researcher-made questionnaire on the 5-factor Likert rating scale was distributed among teachers, coaches, and managers who were knowledgeable and active in the field of public sports in the province to confirm the factors identified in the qualitative part of the design and validation. Finally, 341 questionnaires were collected in person and electronically. In order to analyze the data, structural equations using the partial least squares method were used. The results of the qualitative phase included the identification of five main factors (optimization of places, compatibility with beliefs, economic and social requirements, institutions with interests and roles, and public participation) in the development of public sports culture. In the quantitative part, all factor values of the items were greater than 0.4, which indicated the appropriateness of this criterion. Moreover, the t value obtained for all the items is more than 1.96, which indicates the significant impact of all the items at the confidence level of 0.95 on the development of public sports in province. According to the political and geographical conditions of the province, it is suggested that the sports and urban authorities specifically pay attention to the issue of developing the culture of public sports through the development of sports infrastructure, appropriate culture, and the cooperation of the interested institutions. This way, they would provide the infrastructure for a healthy society and the growth of citizens in sports in cultural and social dimensions.

This study aimed to get a grounded theory about the repetition of drug trafficking based on the deepest possible understanding of the activists of the social phenomenon. Different dimensions of recidivism were identified in an interpretative paradigm using a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. Prisoners who had already been convicted of drug trafficking, but repeated their crime and been arrested, consisted the population of this research. Using purposive sampling, 34 men and women incarcerated in the central prison of Kerman city were selected. The results included 120 initial codes, 15 axial codes, and four main categories, based on which the recidivism of Kerman prisoners can be interpreted. The categories are: 1) Recidivism as a rational act; 2) Recidivism as a social action; 3) Recidivism as a perfectionist; and 4) Recidivism as an inevitable act. The core category of this research is “repetition of crime as a dead end to compensate for the lost life”, which is related to the causal conditions of individual characteristics, criminal behavior pattern, social class, and women’s disturbance. The issue has formed in the contextual conditions of humiliating behaviors, economic problems, lack of opportunity to reduce crime in stigmatized society, intensified by such issues like perfectionist beliefs and marital relations. Overall, these have intensifyed the identity crisis, social exclusion, and pessimism as consequences.

Societies in which people are responsible for their civic duties, sacrifice their own interests for the sake of the whole society, and institutionalize a sense of social responsibility will go towards sustainable development faster than other societies. The main goal of this study was to find out the relationship between economic satisfaction and social responsibility of among the employees of South Pars, which was done using a survey method and questionnaire tool. The statistical population consisted the employees of South Pars. To analyze the findings, SPSS software and statistical tests such as correlation, mean comparison, multiple regression and other tests were used. The sample included 400 employees who were selected using stratified random sampling method. The results showed that the average of social responsibility among employees is 83.51, which is lower than the expected average (105), indicating the low responsibility of employees. The results also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of economic satisfaction and their social responsibility (r=0.29). The results of the regression showed that economic satisfaction has an effect (Beta=0.19) on explaining the dependent variable and explained 0.53% of the variance of the social responsibility variable (R²=0.53). The results showed that the average social responsibility of the employees is lower than average. This is exactly what Fayol states that the social responsibility of people in an organization means their compliance with the planned rules and principles, and partially undermines the legal dimension of social responsibility. According to Simmel, social responsibility is a kind of civic duty that helps the welfare of others in the society.