فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 59، خریف 2023)

The study of terminology forms an important part of the studies of the fundamentals of jurisprudence, the most important of which is the issue of formulation, and branching from that research on usage. In his mind, you can pronounce that term, which has become a reason for the perception of the meaning. The fundamentalists have only been subjected to use and its truth in a brief way, except for the martyr al-Sadr who addressed it with criticism and analysis, reviewing the opinions and aspects that could be presented in this regard. One usage, provided that each of the meanings is intended from the word separately, so the impediment is in the opinion of those who say that it is not permissible and it is related to one remark at the same time, since the search for the theory of use and the use of the word in more than one meaning has not been refined and refined and is still suffering from ambiguity and complexity, for that reason This study discussed the views of fundamentalists and presented their problems, comparing each other with each other.

Dual contrasts are a kind of textual structure that the poet uses to reveal the harmony of contradiction within the text. This type of textual structure is one of the most important forms of expression in the poetry of al-Bayati, and she has used it significantly to express her thoughts, ideas and emotions. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and criterion of Bayati's collection of poetic works, examines some important dual contrasts such as the contrast of death and life, me and the other, travel and return, love and revolution, homeland and exile, and the contrast of times. One of the most important findings of the present study is that the dual confrontations in Bayati's poetry have gone beyond a limited perspective, that is, word-for-word confrontation, and have taken on various political and social implications such as critique of the ruling hegemony and critique of the tragic situation of the Iraqi people. Regarding the contrast between life and death, research has shown that death, from Bayati's point of view, is necessary for the revitalization of Iraq. In contrast to me and the other, it was concluded that the other has played an effective role in expressing Bayati's wishes and desires and thoughts and ideas and deepening her innate will in different situations. In connection with the confrontation between the journey and the return, it was revealed that the Bayati journey was a journey in search of hope and the promised dream. Bayati established a link between love and revolution,

During the constitutional revolution in Iran and the period of the Arab Awakening, Persian and Arabic literature, especially poetry, was directly affected by this cultural and political event, so that the topics of poetry changed and were in line with the currents of that period. Most of the constitutional poetry in Iran and the poetry of the era of the Awakening movement in the Arabs criticize political issues. In this article, which was written in the library manner, the topics of political complaints from constitutional poetry and the era of the Arab awakening movement were investigated and analyzed in a comparative way. The results of the research show the corruption of rulers, conspiracies, betrayal of parliament and government, freedom and resistance against domestic tyranny and foreign colonialism, incompetence of people and government, superstition, and ignorance of the nation's vitality. The current issues of the country, the control of foreigners and the encroachment on the lands and people of the country, the defense of foreigners by statesmen, ministers and lawyers, the conclusion of shameful contracts, the granting of privileges to foreigners and the taking of policies from them, etc. are among the most important topics of political complaints. The current issues of the country, the control of foreigners and the encroachment on the country's lands And its people, defending foreigners by statesmen, ministers, and lawyers, concluding shameful contracts, granting privileges to foreigners and taking policies from them, etc. are among the most important topics of political complaint.

There are many commonalities between the science of meanings in Persian and Arabic languages. Most of the scholars of Persian language rhetoric have imitated in their works and have mentioned the same contents of the semantics of the Arabic language without change or with Persian evidence. The present study has analyzed the existing differences regarding the topics of calling, mourning, asking, praising and condemning, wondering, wishing and recommending with the help of experts in the semantics of Persian and Arabic. The final result is that in the above-mentioned topics, while there are commonalities, there are also differences, and the structural model of Arabic sentences is often rule-based and analogical, but in the Persian language, the above-mentioned topics often do not have special and coherent structural rules. Receiving the content is usually done with methods such as the speaker's expression and tone.Receiving the content is usually done with methods such as the speaker's expression and tone.

Today, when cultural neglect and invasion in the form of virtual attractions cast a shadow on people's thoughts, the moral-educational mission of poetry takes on a more important role in the field of literature. Although the critics of Wadiban have different theories in this field; Some believe that art should only serve morality, and on the other hand, there are radical artists who expect only art from a work, and another group believes that there is a mutual relationship between words and images. But it must be said that poetry is not just a bunch of similes, metaphors, and images, and if it does not carry a message, it will not be sealed with eternity. While emphasizing the interaction between art and morality, the author's goal is to investigate the role of narcissism in strengthening behavioral-ethical patterns in contemporary Arabic literature based on the method of content analysis and description with reference to Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi's poetry. Since our behavior with others is a reflection of our behavior with ourselves; The concepts of narcissism and self-compassion play an important role in creating a sense of empathy and healthy living; Therefore, the subject of study is the narcissistic poets of this period

Comparative literature is a means of crossing political, ethnic and cultural boundaries, where subjective data find the opportunity to develop and break out of their confines paving the way for getting acquainted with similar works among other ethnic groups. Indeed, the result will be the discovery of commonalities, the study of each can not only reveal the effects and interactions, but also unveil the influence of external and contextual factors in the formation of similar works. Comparative symbolism is beneficial in this framework and can pinpoint the factors influencing the formation of each. Obviously, resorting to symbols is in fact avoiding clarification, which is done due to various reasons. One prominent reason is to multiply the induced image by the number of audiences, and this breadth and multiplicity of the created image is one of the main reasons for durability of symbols in literary works.

This study follows a comparative descriptive approach to investigate the poems of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, namely Simin Behbahani and Nizar Qabbani, and the impressionability of each of these two poets in terms of use of symbol. It is obvious that symbols are used to avoid direct perspective was used to investigate the works of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, namely Simin Behbahani and Nizar Qabbani, in a library and descriptive manner, with the purpose of pinpointing the influence of symbols on these two poets.

This article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic and Qur’anic verses since their childhood, this development led to their distance from immorality and immorality, as they left pure and honest poems far from vulgarity and immorality.‌This article also aims to analyze the hidden meanings in their poetry through study and analysis, as well as trying to acquaint the recipient with some of the ideas of these two great poets. The expression of these teachings indicates that the poets have practically adhered to these values and called everyone to them from the depths of their heart. Ibn Maatouq used the art of embodiment, and in this way he gave his verses much vitality and activity. It refers to the incident of Ghadir Khumm and uses the element of imagination to describe the events of that day. It also refers to the verse of purification in some of its verses. Ibn Maatouq used the method of calling a lot, as he addressed the Prophet (PBUH) using the phrase (my lord) and the word (my lord), whose appreciation is my lord.

Phonetic semantics play a key role in expressing aesthetics, through the study of the characteristics of sounds, the repetition of words, and their relevance with meanings.Contemporary Iraqi poetry was not limited to the care of good systems only. But the concern was with that and before it in the sense. Abd al-Azim Finjan (1955-) an Iraqi poet who sang romantic poetry in contemporary Arabic literatureThe most prominent of his poetry collections is "Angels Return to Work", consisting of two parts. The first is: "A People of Butterflies and Crystal", which is a celebration of love in all its variations. The second is titled "The Legend of the Book Thief" and deals with personal legends of men and women, with an important paragraph called "Gospel". Apocryphal" where wisdom mingles with the everyday poem. In his poetry, there is a kind of music that was not perceived except through a delicate sense and a precise understanding. This inner music hides in the conscience of words, structures and sentences and affects the listener with a special effect. This research pays attention to the vocal aesthetics through the semantics of sounds, and the statement of the characteristics of poetic sounds. We chose the collection of poetry "The Angels Return to Work" because of the abundance of what we saw in it of the sounds' indication of its subject matter and because of the implications of these vocal techniques in the poet's poetry.

Semiotic analysis of the ballad ‘"Havamesh Ala Daftar Al Naksa" by Qobbani based on the Reifatore's theoryBased on Rifater`s theory, poetry has an indirect function. This theory requires a different process in poetry reading. The basis of this theory is discovering the semantic network of poetry, by passing heuristic reading and reaching to retroactive reading. In the second reading, the reader investigates ungrmmatically elements and discovers the internal communication of text elements, by finding forms of accumulation and descriptive systems. the reader receives the holograms. these discussions lead to the reception and discovery of the structural network of the poetry. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and aims to read the "Havamesh Ala Daftar Al-Naksa" by Qobbani.The heuristic reading of this poetry expresses the frustration and sadness of the Arab lyric poet about the unhealthy situation of some Arab countries. retroactive reading shows that Hawamesh's poetry has 3 accumulations and 2 descriptive system."old and rusty elements", "despair and failure" and "the need of uprising and changing" are 3 accumulations of this poetry. The descriptive system of this poetry shows the suffering of Arab nations after defeat of Arab countries, which the poet symbolizes it in "words without work" and "Arab nations". After defining hypograms of the poetry, we reached to the Structural tissue and the origin meaning of the oetry. It is the necessity of getting up and doing something to get upKey words: Qobbani, Rifater, Havamesh ala Dafrae al Naksah, Semiotics, Heuristic& Retroactive reading