نشریه سد و نیروگاه برق آبی ایران
پیاپی 35 (زمستان 1401)

formation of alliances between countries. In this article, by searching library sources, national and international documents and statistics, and interviewing experts, the challenges were identified, analyzed and leveled in the five main border river basins shared with neighboring countries. Acknowledging the growing role of hydropolitics in the regional relations of West Asia, the results of this research show Iran's weakness in correctly understanding the international environment and unrealistic policies in the field of border water resources.The results emphasize the importance of diplomacy based on rational thinking and the joint exploitation of the stakeholders of the border waters in order to resolve regional conflicts and prevent a water coalition against Iran; Coordinated actions with international partners and water alliances within the framework of common interests is the best solution to face the existing crisis and turn it into an opportunity for development and border security.

In recent years the project of water transmission had an increasing trend in Iran. However, the issue of electrical energy related to these project had recieved less attention. Another important issue regarding the power generation is the amount of virtual water to produce each kilowatt hour of water generation. In this regard the current paper has examined the amount of virtual water for the production of electricity, in the water transmmission line from Safaroud dam to Kerman. The potential of producing hydroelectric power and as a result the amount of virtual water due to this amount of production has been checked and calculated. For this purpose, first, the transmmission line has been simulated in WaterGEMS software, the hydroelectric power generation potential has been calculated. On the other hand by calculating the average amount of virtual water to produce each kilowatt hour of electricity, the amont of virtual water saved in the case of producing this amout of hydroelectric power has ben calculated. the results show that there is 72.5 Gigawatt hours of hydroelectric power generation capability in the system, and if this amount of hydroelectric power is produced, 45639 cubic meters of virtual water will be saved per year.

Seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams is mainly conducted using capacity estimation of limit states or determination of damage indexes. Within the context of performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE), damage measure (DM) refers to physically observable DSs, which can be subsequently related to repairs. Hence, the propensity for potential failure modes of concrete dams should be quantified. The main purpose of this article is the quantitative seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams using an energy-based damage index. Therefore, by selecting Pine Flat gravity dam as a case study, incremental dynamic analysis has been performed on the dam-reservoir-rigid foundation system, under near-fault records with forward directivity effects. Then, limit states (LSs), damage levels and total dynamic capacity of the structure were determined by energy-based parameters. After that, damage states (DS) of the dam were determined and using an energy-based damage index (DIE), the determined damage states were quantified. In the next step, performance levels of the dam were defined and the identified DSs along with corresponding DIE ranges were assigned to the relevant performance levels. The results showed that mentioned damage index effectively has estimated the damage state of the dam quantitatively.

In this paper, the multi-objective gray wolf optimization algorithm is utilized for the optimal operation of the Doiraj dam reservoir. In this regard, the reservoir operation modeling is done based on the current situation of the region and for a 720-month period (October 1960 to September 2019) and the role curve of the dam or the amount of release from the reservoir to provide downstream uses is optimized in these conditions. a new method based on the integration of artificial intelligence and the MOGWO algorithm is developed for the optimal operation of the system in real time. The findings indicate that the average error value of optimal rules extracted from the ORELM model is less than 6% in the verification stage showing the efficiency of this method in predicting the optimal pattern of the dam role curve in real time. In this structure, the developed hybrid MOGWO-ANN model has this ability to provide optimal operation policies regarding new data of inflow to the dam to allow us to manage the system optimally in real time.

In this research, using the Oceanic Ninoy Index (ONI) during the statistical period of 1334 to 1401 water years, El Nino and La Niña periods have been identified and simultaneously with these periods, the natural monthly flow of the Karun Basin and the floods that occurred in the Karun River in The location of Karun Dam 3 has been obtained and compared. As a result of investigating the amount of flow and flood intensity in El Niño periods and comparing it with other situations, it was found that on average, in different seasons, the natural flow of Karun basin increases by 6 to 27% in El Niño periods. The highest increase is related to the fall season and the lowest increase is related to the summer season. Also, the most severe floods of the Karun river occurred simultaneously with the El Nino situation, and it seems that the intensity of the El Niño has a direct relationship with the intensity of the floods of this river.

 In this research, comprehensive studies have been carried out by laboratory and numerical modeling methods on the variables affecting soil improvement with soil-cement columns under different conditions of overhead and seismic loading. experimental studies are aimed at evaluating the performance of soil-cement columns in soft ground stabilization under two conditions of rigid footing and embankment fill, and based on the results, the numerical modeling was defined and validated (numerical modeling error less than 8%).
The results of experimental studies showed that the stabilization by using soil-cement column under embankment fill condition caused more stabilization of soft soil compared to the condition of rigid footing and the amount of settlement decreased by 75% and 55% respectively. The results of numerical modeling showed that the use of soil-cement column has improved the seismic behavior of soft soil and the average of settlement under the loading of 5 major earthquakes has decreased by 54.13% under rigid footing conditions and 71.63% under embankment fill.

The category of water governance, as political, social and economic policies that oversee the management and exploitation of water resources, is a field that indirectly affects the methods of decision-making and implementation of programs; including "who", "at what level and when", "what action". In this research, based on scientific documents and semi-structured expert interviews, the category of water governance in Iran has been subjected to an abstract pathology and based on OECD principles, solutions to overcome the water gaps in Iran have been presented. According to the findings, Iran's current situation is not in line with good water governance and sustainable development. However, the understanding of the country's water managers in terms of "what" and "why" is acceptable, but there is a lack in understanding "how". In particular, more actions are subject to the taste of actors and less in line with the public good and long-term interests, and it is necessary to reform the water governance method in Iran based on referring to multi-level processes, attracting the participation of stakeholders and actors, eliminating conflict of interests and promoting transparency and justice. Finally, data measurement and analysis, continuous release of information and paying attention to the environment is recommended.