فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی اجتماعی خراسان
سال هفدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 68، تابستان 1402)

A rich body of scholarship has emerged on the history of teacher education in Iran over the past century, including Khouinejad’s 1976 “The Evolution and Expansion of Teacher Education in Iran”, Safi’s 2011, “Teacher Education in Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Germany, England, India, and Pakistan”, and Safi’s (2008) “Teacher Education and Provision in Iran (Past, Present, and Future)”. Recent developments in educational reform in South Khorasan province have been addressed in Alizadeh Birjandi and Valipour’s (2020) “nvestigating the Achievements of Shokatiyeh School’s Identity”, Naseh and Mohammad Miri’s (2013) “From Shokatiyeh to Birjand University” (2013), and Akbari’s (2021) “The History of Teacher Education in Iran (South Khorasan Province)”. Preliminary teacher training colleges played a crucial role in transforming educational aspirations, and Birjand Preliminary School stood at the forefront of this transformation. As Iranians embraced the symbols of modernity, the traditional school system began to wane, and the initiatives of enlightened families led to the establishment of new schools, including Shokatiyeh in Birjand. With the nationalization of schools, a unified educational approach emerged, prioritizing the provision of schools and teachers. To comply with the Ministry of Education’s mandate for teacher training for primary schools, Birjand teacher training colleges was founded, utilizing the Alam family’s building to accommodate its students. The convergence of these two forces revolutionized education across the region from Sistan to Gonabad, nurturing a multitude of pioneers in various scientific fields. This article delves into two fundamental questions:
What factors and historical contexts contributed to the establishment of Birjand teacher training colleges?
How has the administration and management of this educational institution evolved over time?

The research aimed to delve into the formation, functioning, and administration of teacher training colleges for girls and boys in Birjand during 1937 up to1980. It employed library resources and documents from diverse institutions, including the National Library and Archives of Iran, the Research Center of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Education Archives of Birjand, and the Talim va Tarbiat Magazine. Additionally, numerous interviews were conducted with key individuals and former students, yielding valuable insights into research gaps of the 1940s. The utilization of written sources and oral interviews has been a strength of this research in comprehensively defining and analyzing the performance of Birjand teacher training colleges. Moreover, the dearth of documents related to girls’ primary schools constitutes a significant limitation of this study.

The findings of the research show that with the mandatory education and establishment of elementary schools, the provision of teachers became a necessity. In this regard, the Consultative Assembly, by passing the Education Law, obligated the government to establish preliminary teacher training colleges. As a result, the process of establishing these centers began in several cities, including Birjand, Iran. Over time, with the increase of student population and changes in the educational system, different methods of teacher training were chosen, but none were successful and eventually closed. However, the preliminary teacher training college, after a short hiatus, resumed its activities. The main problem for the teacher training college in Birjand was the provision of physical space, which was initially addressed through the rental of a building owned by the local ruling family, the Alam’s family. Later, the center obtained a permanent location through the donation of land. In any case, the preliminary teacher training college was the most stable model for teacher training throughout the Pahlavi era. After the Islamic Revolution, the male preliminary teacher training college was transferred to Torbat-e Heydariyeh in 1979, and the female teacher training college continued its activities until the graduation of all students in 1980.

Both national and local factors played a role in the formation and continuity of the activities of preliminary schools in Birjand. The National Consultative Assembly, the Council of Ministers, and the Supreme Council of Education are the three institutions whose approvals outline the establishment and general framework of the activities of these schools. The most important action of the National Consultative Assembly was the approval of the Teacher Training Law and the establishment of preliminary teacher training colleges, which aimed to stabilize their positions by employing graduates and offering round-the-clock facilities. The formation of the Birjand preliminary teacher training college was based on this. The formulation of student admission regulations, course titles, the continuity or closure of school activities, and the replacement of other teacher training systems were the major effects of the central government and the Supreme Council of Education’s approvals on the preliminary teacher training colleges. Local governance also played a very important role in facilitating the conditions for the establishment and continuity of the activities of the Birjand teacher training college. This local governance initially created a successful educational system in the form of Shokatiyeh schools, which, as a successful alternative to the traditional school system, eliminated the opposition of conservatives and zealots with the new educational order. Shokatiyeh schools were active in many areas of South Khorasan. Additionally, after the issuance of the education law and the establishment of preliminary teacher training college, providing the school building and financial support for the students played an influential role in the continuity of the school’s activities. Ultimately, by donating land to the school, it played a very influential role in the stability and facilitation of educational programs. The legislative approvals supervised the management of the schools. The principal had to be a graduate of a higher education institution and was appointed to this position after an interview in Tehran. Students were selected locally, and their local knowledge was a major part of their activities during spring and summer vacations. In addition, the close relationship of the preliminary teacher training college with secondary schools provided the necessary initial experience for the students, who had to successfully pass all theoretical and practical subjects through written, oral, and practical exams. As a result, the forty-year history of preliminary teacher training college was considered a successful and valuable experience in the teacher education system of the province, which did not find a more successful alternative. After the Islamic Revolution, male preliminary teacher training college was transferred to Torbat-e Heydariyeh in 1979, and the female preliminary teacher training college continued its activities until the graduation of all students in 1980.

Today, the tourism industry has become so significant that economists refer to it as a hidden export. This hidden export has seen rapid growth in recent years, and many countries consider it a major source of income. It’s important to note that the large economic cycles driven by tourism can directly enhance the economy and are often more efficient than other income sources for a country, such as oil (Kareemi & Karimi, 2017, p. 32). Desert tourism is a subset of sustainable tourism. For the purposes of this research, desert tourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.” The outcomes of adopting a responsible approach to desert tourism include minimizing environmental impact, fostering environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experiences for both visitors and host communities, generating financial benefits for the protection of nature and natural resources, empowering local communities politically, and acquainting visitors with the political, environmental, and social climate of the host countries. South Khorasan province boasts numerous natural and historical attractions. Proper management of these attractions can significantly contribute to the development of the tourism industry in this province. This research aims to identify the factors that influence the appeal of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region.

The methodology employed in this research is descriptive, utilizing a survey approach. The statistical population encompasses all sports tourists in the desert area of Ferdous city. Ferdous is a city situated in the north of South Khorasan province. It includes two cities, Ferdous and Islamieh, and the villages of Baghistan, Barun, and Khanekuk, with Ferdous city as the center. The sampling method in this research is probabilistic. Given that the statistical population comprises all sports tourists in the Ferdous desert region, and considering the number of sports tourism areas in Ferdous, 10 sports tourism areas were initially selected. From each area, 40 individuals were randomly chosen as subjects from among the tourists. To determine the sample size for this research, Cochran’s formula was utilized. Based on the classification made in the community section, the number of the statistical sample was approximately 400 people, according to the unlimited statistical population. The questionnaire used in this research is researcher-made and consists of 24 questions. These questions are graded based on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by five professors and sports management experts, and the construct validity was appropriately measured and reported through confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In this research, SPSS was used to measure descriptive statistics (such as abundance and frequency percentage), and the Structural Equation Model was used to measure inferential statistics with Amos software.

The model developed was validated for the purpose of first-order confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire on factors influencing the development of sports tourism, using standard coefficients. All indicators fall within the desired range, confirming the appropriateness of the research measurement model in fitting the collected data. Therefore, the structural model can be fitted to the data in the next step. The goodness of fit index was 0.041, confirming the model’s fit. Also, when the result of dividing the chi-square calculated by the degrees of freedom (df) value is less than 5, the model’s fit is confirmed. In this research, the value of this index is 1.66, supporting the model’s fit. Additionally, when the standard fit index, adaptive fit, criterion fit, relative fit, and goodness of fit are calculated to be higher than or equal to 0.9, the model's appropriate fit is confirmed. The three identified dimensions of factors affecting the development of sports tourism in this study, namely natural attractions, cultural and managerial factors, and infrastructural factors, have influence coefficients of 0.49, 0.34, and 0.19, respectively, on the explanation of this concept. These are high-impact factors and indicate that all three dimensions identified in the formation of the concept of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region play a relatively similar role. All indicators fall within the desired range, confirming the appropriateness of the research's structural model in fitting the collected data. Therefore, this model can be used to respond to research hypotheses.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence the development of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region. The desert offers a lesser-known tourism potential. The tourism sector has been regarded as the driving force behind the development of cities on the fringes of the Iranian desert. This study assesses the factors that influence the development of sports tourism, and the study’s innovation lies in the application of these factors to desert sports. The results of this study indicate the influence of cultural and managerial factors on sports tourism, with a 34% impact rate. A proposed solution in this field is to invest effectively in cultural and managerial fields in desert regions, transforming half of Iran into a tourism hub in desert areas, attracting domestic and foreign tourists to these areas. Ferdows city, with its pristine desert location and natural attractions, can serve as a platform for desert-specific sports and multilateral desert tournaments. Additionally, considering the city’s cultural ambiance and effective management system, tourism, particularly sports tourism, can be integrated into urban development plans, enabling the construction of numerous recreational and tourist facilities in the region. Moreover, by training human resources, employing experts, and implementing proper management strategies and decisions, a significant step can be taken towards the development of this crucial sector.

Rural tourism is a topic of considerable debate within the tourism industry, primarily due to its objectives. These include empowering local communities, fostering social and economic development, preserving natural and cultural resources, and providing high-quality visitor experiences. This is achieved through the integration of all stakeholders in the planning and development process of tourism, with the aim of creating resources for the local community. Such initiatives have garnered support from various international organizations, including the World Bank (2013). Rural tourism not only helps protect local communities from the pervasive influence of globalization, but also contributes to the well-being of local residents. This is achieved through the development of infrastructure (such as transportation networks, water, electricity, communications, and superstructures), legal and institutional structures, health, safety, security, civil rights, and the conservation of the environment, heritage, and culture. These developments cater not only to the needs of tourists but also ensure the preservation of localities (Goodwin & Santilli, 2009). Furthermore, rural tourism provides, expands, and improves livelihood resources and opportunities to earn income. These earnings are often used for essential life necessities, such as education, medical care, clothing, and housing. The province of Razavi Khorasan, located in the northeastern part of the country, receives a significant number of religious tourists. Given the large number of rural areas in this province that are suitable for tourism and ecotourism, it can be considered a dominant spatial model of rural tourism. This research seeks to answer the question: What are the indicators that influence the state of rural tourism in Razavi Khorasan Province?

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and causal in terms of its nature. The statistical population of this study includes the villages that had the most tourist destinations in 2023. As such, 19 villages have been selected based on this criterion. Next, the total number of households in the sample population (N = 3808 households) was considered, and using Cochran’s formula (with an error of 0.05%), a sample size of 339 households was obtained. The number of households in each village was determined first, and then the number of samples was distributed among each of the sample villages according to the number of their households. For this purpose, initially, 10 questionnaires were distributed in equal proportions for each village as a basis, and the rest of the sample size was distributed among the sample villages according to the number of households in the village. The selection of samples was done using a systematic random method. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of university professors and experts, and necessary corrections were made in several stages. The Cronbach’s alpha method was used in SPSS 22 to comply with the work principles and technique and to measure the level of reliability in the formulation and setting of the questionnaire. The Structural Equation Model through Smart PLS has been used to measure the collected data.

This study aims to investigate the impact of tourism development indicators on rural tourism from the perspective of villagers, using a structural equation modeling approach. The case study was conducted on the target villages of Razavi Khorasan province. The development of rural tourism was evaluated using four components as scales: socio-cultural, economic, planning-management, and infrastructural-service indicators. To test the conceptual model of the research and examine the impact of these dimensions on rural tourism, a partial least squares (PLS) technique was used. This was done after confirming the positive and significant correlation of these variables with Pearson’s correlation test. The results obtained from the Smart PLS software confirmed the external test of the model (divergent and convergent validity values, Cronbach’s alpha, and composite reliability). It showed that the t coefficients between the main constructs of the research were above 2.58, indicating a significant and direct relationship between the variables. The economic dimension, considering both direct and indirect effects, had a greater impact on the development of rural tourism with a coefficient of 0.89. Planning and management indicators also had a relatively large impact on the development of rural tourism in the study area, with an impact factor of 0.449. Infrastructure and service indicators were in the third stage with a factor of 0.197. It should be noted that socio-cultural indicators had the least impact on the development of rural tourism in the studied area. In general, the value of R2 for the change variable of rural tourism development was 0.843. This suggests that the achievement of social, economic, planning, and managerial indicators, as well as infrastructure and services, had a significant impact on the development of rural tourism in the study area. In fact, 94.3% of the changes in tourism development in the study area are predicted by these four indicators. The value obtained for the GOF index (0.861) also confirms the excellent fit of the structural model of the research.

Child poverty is a significant social challenge in developing nations, including Iran. This issue refers to the inability to meet the basic needs of children, encompassing financial constraints, limited opportunities, and communication barriers. Numerous children living in poverty are currently supported by organizations such as the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) and the State Welfare Organization (SWOI) of Iran. Despite these efforts, the support provided has not been able to effectively address the issues faced by impoverished children, secure their future, or facilitate their growth and progress towards self-fulfillment. Various strategies have been employed globally to combat child poverty, with social advocacy for impoverished children gaining considerable attention. This approach encourages the government, public, and civil society organizations to mobilize resources. However, the effective implementation of social advocacy in Iran requires the development of a model that considers its unique sociocultural and economic conditions. This study aims to propose a social advocacy model for impoverished children supported by the IKRF in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, by addressing the following research questions:
What are the dimensions of the social advocacy model for impoverished children?
What are the causal, underlying, intervening factors, the core phenomenon, and the associated strategies and outcomes of the social advocacy model for impoverished children?

This cross-sectional explanatory study employs a qualitative research design based on Grounded Theory to develop a theory and elucidate the social advocacy model for impoverished children in fall and winter 2022. The study’s results could potentially raise community awareness and reduce child poverty (Newman, 2017, p. 52). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Interviews were conducted with social workers and experts from the IKRF of Razavi Khorasan Province, and university professors. Theoretical and purposive sampling was used, and interviews lasted between 50-70 minutes. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved after the 21st interview, with additional interviews conducted up to the 23rd interview to ensure data saturation. Trustworthiness was established by checking the credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability criteria (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Consistency was achieved using Silverman’s approach. The transcribed interviews were systematically analyzed based on the approach developed by Strauss and Corbin (1998) at three stages: open, axial, and selective coding.

The data analysis revealed that the social advocacy model for impoverished children is composed of six main categories and 18 subcategories. These include:
Causal Factors: Labeled as “child poverty”, this category includes financial poverty, opportunity-related poverty, and communication poverty.
Core Phenomenon: Termed as “social sensitization”, this category comprises attention to child poverty, awareness-raising and public participation, and social demandingness.
Strategies: Titled as “supporting policymaking”, this category includes designing effective support policies and monitoring management policies and measures.
Underlying Factors: Designated as “continual identification and monitoring of child poverty”, this category consists of developing a database for impoverished children, designing an organizational structure for child poverty monitoring, and creating a map and developing the ecological system of child poverty.
Intervening Factors: Also termed as “support network formation”, this category includes the creation and strengthening of non-profit and non-governmental organizations, social guardianship, and public mobilization.
Outcomes: Entitled as “social well-being of children”, this category encompasses child empowerment, child-centered harm reduction, building social trust, and synergy of resources.

The relationships between the main categories and the subcategories, along with the exploratory research model, are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Social advocacy model for poor children (an exploratory research model)

Social advocacy aims to expand capacities, encourage, and initiate social changes for the empowerment of society. It enables society to become aware of its rights and utilize them to improve public welfare. This provides civil society with the opportunity to defend itself and even participate in policymaking and decision-making about one’s life and future (McKay & Taket, 2021). Advocacy involves creating or changing policies, laws, regulations, resource distribution, or other decisions that significantly impact people’s lives, and ensuring their implementation. This directly involves politicians, officials, government employees, and private-sector leaders whose decisions affect lives (CGSE, 2019, p. 5). As discussed earlier, utilizing the capacities of social advocacy is one of the most effective solutions to address child poverty. The study results showed that child poverty, as a causal category, could lead to the adoption of support policies through social sensitization. This paves the way for the social well-being of impoverished children, considering underlying and intervening factors. Therefore, the government, civil society, social activists, and support organizations, such as the IKRF, are recommended to apply this model as a suitable platform for enhancing social advocacy and consequently reducing child poverty.

Like many countries worldwide, Iran has experienced significant changes in internal migration patterns. Among the immigration hubs in the country, Khorasan Razavi province has drawn a substantial portion of immigrants from the eastern regions, establishing itself as one of the country’s demographic poles. A significant part of this migration is concentrated in the city of Mashhad. The presence of Imam Reza’s holy shrine has transformed Mashhad into a tourist city that annually welcomes numerous domestic and international tourists. This touristic status, coupled with its advanced levels of social and economic development, has equipped Mashhad with adequate facilities, welfare and educational services, and job opportunities. Consequently, it attracts a large number of people from other regions and even neighboring countries, especially Afghanistan, each year. These factors have led to an increased focus on Mashhad to meet the needs of this population, thereby attracting more immigrants. However, this situation has resulted in a disproportionate distribution of opportunities, facilities, and resources across regions, exacerbating regional development imbalances. Therefore, understanding Mashhad’s migration patterns is crucial for its comprehensive planning and policy-making. Despite the importance of immigration in Mashhad, a review of the research history in the field of immigration reveals that no studies have specifically focused on Mashhad city’s migration. It has only been mentioned in the context of Khorasan-Razavi province in studies such as those by Ziari, Zanjirchi and Sorkh-Kamal (2010), and Zarghani, Hosseini, Ghanbari and Ghiyasi (2016).   

In this study, a macro approach and secondary analysis of migration data spanning 20 years have been employed. The required data includes immigration statistics for the city of Mashhad, which are based on the number of immigrants, the influx and outflux of immigrants, the origin of immigration determined by previous residence, and whether the previous residence was urban or rural. The data, which cover the periods of 1996-2006, 2006-2011, and 2011-2016, were obtained from national censuses. The patterns and trends of migration were examined using the following indicators:
In-migration and out-migration rates: These two rates provide information about the rate of immigrants entering and leaving the region. They also form the basis for more advanced and powerful indicators.
The net migration Rate: it indicates the net migration of a region in a certain period of time. The net migration rate determines the residential pattern of the country at a certain time and is of considerable importance. The net migration rate is obtained from the following:Migration effectiveness ratio: This index shows the impact of immigration on population redistribution. The Migration Effectiveness Ratio is obtained from the following:
(Bell et al., 2002, pp. 23-25)
The numerical value derived from this index illustrates the impact of immigration on population redistribution at the regional level. A negative value signifies a population decrease in the region due to migration. Conversely, a positive value indicates that internal migration has contributed to an increase in the region’s population.

The findings reveal that Mashhad has consistently attracted a large number of immigrants. On average, during each census period, more than one hundred thousand immigrants enter the city of Mashhad, with fewer individuals leaving. Consequently, in addition to the population increase due to natural growth, Mashhad also experiences a population increase due to migration. However, based on the emigration and immigration rates in Mashhad, it can be inferred that the city's net immigration has decreased during the study period. Despite this decrease, this metropolis remains one of the country’s primary immigrant destinations due to its net positive migration rate. During each period, approximately 40% of all immigrants entering the province of Khorasan Razavi migrate to the city of Mashhad. The migrations to Mashhad primarily originate from nearby provinces, driven by cultural and geographical affinities. More than 70% of the city’s immigrants come from the provinces of Tehran, North and South Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan. Additionally, in each period, about 4% of the immigrants in Mashhad are foreign immigrants, predominantly from Afghanistan. Following inter-provincial migrations, intra-provincial migration occurs, with the data indicating that the main form of this migration has been intra-county migration. In studying urban and rural migration, the migration pattern of Mashhad aligns with the national model, i.e., the highest migration ratios have consistently been related to urban-to-urban migration.

Given that immigrants entering the city of Mashhad come from diverse age and gender groups and possess varying characteristics, planning for the population increase resulting from migration presents a challenge. The substantial volume of migration to Mashhad has positioned the city as a primary hub within the county and even the province. This phenomenon has emerged following the region’s unbalanced and unequal development. As a result, a large population from other regions with lower levels of development migrates to this metropolis to access its superior economic and educational facilities and services. Provinces such as Sistan-Baluchestan, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan, which are less developed compared to Mashhad, have seen their residents migrate to Mashhad to avail the facilities offered by the city. Therefore, a key factor in reducing these migrations is to establish a balance between the capabilities and economic potentials of different regions. Based on the findings of this study and similar research, one of the most effective solutions is to implement policies of sustainable economic enterprises that align with the potential and capabilities of regions, particularly in smaller cities and regions. Considering the significance of employment in migration, increasing investment and creating employment opportunities in smaller cities can not only prevent residents from migrating but also encourage the return of migrants.

Today, the training of skilled, specialized, and efficient human resources is considered one of the key and undeniable factors in the economic and social development of any country (Amini, 2012, p. 83) and planners and managers of different countries have a special focus on human resource development. Among the various educational organizations in the country, the Vocational and Technical Training Organization operates in two areas, training skilled and semi-skilled labor for the training of unemployed job seekers without skills and upgrading the skills of employed labor (Akhlaghpour, 2019, p. 86). According to the general policies of the country in the field of privatization and the need to accelerate the expansion of educational services with the approach of greater participation of the non-governmental sector, private vocational and technical schools, alongside the public sector, provide vocational training. In recent years, due to the quantitative growth of these centers and the importance of flexibility and the ability to quickly adapt the provided training to the needs of the labor market, attention to quality in private vocational and technical schools has become more important. The focus of attention to quality in these trainings includes missions and general missions, inputs, processes, outputs, and its outcomes (Subrahmanyam, 2020, p. 21). In this regard, the approaches to educational quality improvement in these centers must be updated and reviewed in line with the advancement of new technologies (Sadeghfar, 2012, p. 5). Therefore, in this study, the factors affecting the improvement of quality and the factors that improve education in private vocational and technical schools of South Khorasan province from the perspective of trainees have been identified and analyzed, and suggestions for improving the quality of their activities have been provided.

This study employed an exploratory and descriptive-correlational research method. With a practical purpose and field-based data collection, the study was conducted in South Khorasan province. A sample of 217 individuals was drawn from a population of 3,123 trainees participating in private institutes’ training courses using simple random sampling. A researcher-developed questionnaire, using a Likert scale format (ranging from very low=1 to very high=5), served as the research tool. To assess validity, the questionnaire underwent multiple phases and was provided to experts, trainers, and managers of private institutes for feedback. Based on their input, the final questionnaire was finalized. Reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.96, indicating a high level of instrument reliability. Data analysis was performed in two stages: descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS (version 27). Descriptive statistics included frequency distribution, mean, dispersion indices, etc., while the ISDM formula classified the quality status of private institutes from the trainees’ perspective into four levels. Inferential statistics involved correlation coefficients to examine the relationship between variables and t-tests and F-tests for group comparisons, as per the hypotheses and data type. Factor analysis was used to categorize the factors influencing private institutes' quality and identify them.

The study used the ISDM formula to assess the quality status of private institutes from the perspective of trainees. The results showed that 57.2% of the sample considered the quality of private institutes to be inappropriate or relatively inappropriate. The analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the age of trainees and their perception of education quality, and a significant difference in perspectives between male and female trainees, with female trainees evaluating the quality more positively. The study also employed exploratory factor analysis with a data reduction approach. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure and Bartlett's test confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Five influential factors affecting the quality of education in private institutes were identified, explaining almost 46.5% of the variance. These factors included trainers' potentials and professional capabilities, effective educational management, and three other factors, each contributing to the overall understanding of the quality of education from the trainees' perspective. In today's organizations, particularly educational institutions, a focus on quality is paramount. With the ever-evolving technological landscape and the changing needs of stakeholders, continuous review and revision of quality standards are essential. This is especially emphasized in technical and vocational education due to its adaptability to the job market's demands. As a result, it's crucial to assess training programs to ensure the quality of education provided. If any deficiencies are identified, steps should be taken to address them.

In today's organizations, particularly educational institutions, a focus on quality is paramount. With the ever-evolving technological landscape and the changing needs of stakeholders, continuous review and revision of quality standards are essential. This is especially emphasized in technical and vocational education due to its adaptability to the job market's demands. As a result, it's crucial to assess training programs to ensure the quality of education provided. If any deficiencies are identified, steps should be taken to address them. Research findings suggest that the quality of private institutes, as perceived by trainees, is not at a desirable level. Trainees highlighted the importance of trainers' professional capabilities, effective educational management, innovative teaching methods and tools, trainee participation and interaction, as well as workplace materials and environment. Therefore, attention should be given not only to the experience and expertise of trainers and managers, but also to their interest, creativity, and initiative in recruitment. Given that trainers work with adult learners, it's important to provide opportunities for them to undergo pedagogical training courses for effective adult education before or during their service. Additionally, creating a conducive learning environment through participatory and learner-centered approaches, and fostering a positive rapport between trainees and trainers, will facilitate ongoing and precise monitoring of educational outcomes.