نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 95 (دی 1402)

The necessity of executing punishment in order to preserve the existence and life of society is inviolable, but we should not forget that punishment is applied to humans. Those involved in criminal justice are able, by comprehensively evaluating the offender, the character of the parties and the interests of the society, regarding the appropriateness or non-appropriateness of criminal prosecution measures and even in the case of prosecution, by suspending the execution of the punishment, or postponing the issuance of a verdict, to To make a decision in order to rehabilitate the character of the criminal. In this way, the type of decision taken by the criminal justice enforcers will have a significant impact on rehabilitation. Therefore, the main question is that there is a proportionality between the character of people and the usual criminal actions against them? which will answer with a descriptive method that if the guarantee of criminal executions is determined without considering the personality of the people, it can leave countless negative effects in the correction process. For this purpose, all criminal measures should be implemented in all stages of the proceedings according to the personality of the people. The goals of the present research are to explain the position of the case of the offenders' personality in view of the acceptance of the principle of individualization of punishments in Iran's criminal law and the attention of the Islamic Penal Code to the personality of criminals, especially regarding punitive and deterrent punishments. The findings show that the rehabilitation of criminals is one of the most important goals of criminal justice systems, which can be realized in a better way in the light of this new development. Because, due to the flexibility of this strategy, the practitioners of criminal justice find the possibility of bypassing the traditional methods of answering, and as a result, they use other capacities to use more appropriate answers.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of information technology policy rules and regulations in Iran on the interaction and fight against malicious content, national interests, and the country's security. In this regard, this article analyzes the challenges and benefits of information technology policy in virtual space in Iran. The research method in this article is the analysis of related texts using the library method and the collection of valid data. According to the analysis, the obtained results show that the policy of information technology and virtual space in Iran is carried out in order to maintain security and balanced access to information. But at the same time, it also comes with challenges, which include controlling abnormal information and ensuring order and security in cyberspace. The general result of this article shows that in the era of globalization, information technology policy making in virtual space in Iran requires the formulation of appropriate laws and regulations. Also, proper training and information to users and community members plays an important role in promoting the safe and responsible use of cyber space. And coordination between institutions and organizations, and monitoring the performance and similar events inside and outside of Iran, and determining the national strategy in this area is also necessary. The use of information technology infrastructure, greater transparency and coordination with international communities are also important factors in information technology policy in cyberspace in Iran. By simultaneously pursuing these issues and cooperating with other countries, policymakers can improve performance in this area and achieve sustainable development and smart growth in cyberspace in Iran.

The departure tax is actually the tax that an individual must pay for his trip and leaving the country. What has caused sensitivity and consideration of this issue is that while this tax is not applied in the same way in all countries of the world, in many countries it doesn’t even exist. According to these conditions, the present article tries to investigate the issue of departure tax and the way of receiving it using descriptive-analytical research method and referring to the analysis of existing legal documents in this field. The findings of the article show that first: The issue of departure fees should be considered from the point of view of citizenship rights, as one of the examples of citizenship rights is the right to traffic, travel, and freedom of entry and departing the country, therefore applying high level departure fees is a violation of this right. Secondly; Many governments, including the government of Iran, have considered the increase in the amount of exit duties as a way to reduce foreign traveling and the outflow of currency from the country, therefore, they consider the increase and decrease of the amount and rate as a policy with a specific goal.

Human rights are known as one of the pillars of the international legal system. Compliance with this right has a direct impact on the status of other rights in the international scene. The issue of respecting human rights is the concern of many people in the world. Today, the right to have a healthy environment is considered one of the human rights, because without a healthy environment, there is no possibility of survival, and without a healthy environment, the issue of international peace and security will suffer fundamental crises, but today we see that many countries with Environmental violations pose a problem to the planet. The formation of environmental crises is not confined within borders and can quickly affect other countries, for this reason, environmental crisis cannot be seen only in the domain of sovereigns, and the creation of a crisis by an offender can be seen as Violation of human rights is considered collective, also in the situation of war and conflict, international humanitarian law has paid attention to the issue of the environment and its preservation, in a situation where many requirements are subjected to harsh military conditions, these rights require some lines Red is like protecting the environment, for this reason, the question arises as to how the environmental issues and attention to them are in human rights and international humanitarian law. Accordingly, in this research, environmental crises and their place in human rights and International humanitarian law has been studied with a descriptive and analytical method. The results show that paying attention to basic and fundamental human rights emphasizes the need to protect the environment, but due to the violations of the governments and the lack of strong executive guarantees, this is not achieved.

The present research method was applied in terms of purpose and correlational in terms of method. This research was conducted on 290 female high school students in Hamadan city who were studying in the third level of high school in the academic year of 1401-1402. The research population included all the third-grade students of 4 high schools in Hamedan city and a total of 605 people, from among them, 290 people were selected to participate in the research with the available sampling method. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Research tools included Young's Internet Addiction Questionnaire, Ahvaz Aggression Questionnaire, and Carol Riff's Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire. The results of the research showed that there was an inverse and significant relationship between Internet addiction and the psychological well-being of our research students, and there was also a positive and significant relationship between Internet addiction and the level of aggression of students. In other words, the higher the internet addiction among students, the lower their psychological well-being and the higher their aggression.

Inhalants are a group of harmful substances that cause intoxication through inhalation. Household chemical products such as glue, detergents, and paint are among the most commonly abused inhalants. People who, despite knowing the negative effects of inhalant substances, are unable to stop using these substances, are considered addicted to inhalant substances. Even those who want to stop using these substances may not be able to stop using these substances. And as a result, someone who has severe addiction can hardly stop using these substances. It is difficult to diagnose addiction to inhaled substances, because its effects are short-term. Many people enjoy inhaling substances such as paint thinner, liquid glue, nail polish, gasoline, etc. It is very easy to hide inhalants, and that is why teenagers tend to use these substances. According to the mentioned materials, the main question of the research is that there is a relationship between the use of inhalant drugs on depression and suicidal thoughts? For this question, we can propose the hypothesis that the consumption of inhalant substances such as gasoline, varnish and liquid glue over time causes addiction in people, and this leads to depression and sometimes causes suicidal thoughts in the user. It can be The method used in this research is analytical and the result of the research is that the best way to treat inhalant addiction is to contact experienced and expert people for advice. Addiction to inhalant drugs is a problem that can only be solved through talking and counseling. And if this is not done by a skilled and expert person, it may cause more problems to the patient and may not be able to treat him.