مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 33، تابستان 1402)

The struggle for belief, striving for freedom, and achieving social justice are among the fundamental themes of contemporary Arab poets' poetry. One way in which poets have depicted their desires and dreams is by using figures involved in the fight as examples in their poetic texts. Among these figures, Jamila Bouhaird, an important and influential figure from Algeria, is considered a suitable model by poets due to her experience fighting against French colonialism and enduring torture and long suffering in prisons. Her presence has been appropriated by many poets in their political discourses, including Nazul Al-Malaika, Abdul Moti Hijazi, Badr Shaker Al-Siyab, Nizar Qabbani, and Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati.Given the prominent presence of this figure in the poetic discourse of these poets and the semantic load it carries, the current research aims to qualitatively explore the strategies used to depict this character, as well as the degree of his presence and how he intervenes in the poem. The goal is to reveal how these poets use this character in their poetic texts and analyze its implications in order to gain a more accurate understanding of contemporary poetry.The results of the research indicate that Jamila Bohaird has played a role as a role model and active activist in the political discourses related to anti-colonialism and the restoration of lost identity within the poetry of these studied poets. In the conceptualization process, her presence in the poems was central, with her name specified in those texts to reduce emotional distance with her.

Conceptual metaphor is a new tool in cognitive science that focuses on human cognition to conceptualize abstract and non-objective concepts. In this method, abstract and unfamiliar concepts (destination domains) are understood through other concrete and tangible conceptual domains (source domains). The main challenge in conceptual metaphor is establishing systematic correspondences between the two domains of source and destination, known as mapping. The Holy Qur´an is replete with abstract concepts such as "Unbelief" and "Faith". To better understand these concepts, it is necessary to use new methods of analyzing concepts, especially conceptual metaphors. The present study used an analytical-descriptive method to identify and analyze conceptual metaphors related to the concepts of "Unbelief" and "Faith" in the verses of blessing in the last six components of the Holy Qur´an, in order to reveal how abstract concepts are expressed. By analyzing the conceptual metaphors in this part of the Holy Qur´an, it can be concluded that the cognitive status of human beings forms the basis for expressing the concepts of Unbelief and Faith. The concept of "Unbelief" as the destination domain is conceptualized by familiar concepts such as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle, and resistance to Faith. On the other hand, concepts such as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and the right path are used to conceptualize "Faith". Through these metaphors, faith can be seen as light, cleanliness, trade, travel, competition, and valuable objects found on the right path; while unbelief is depicted as darkness, uncleanness, blindness, battle against faith

Written by Sahar Khalifa, a Palestinian novelist, "Al-Sabbar" (wild thorns) reflects the mindset of the colonized Palestinians in the last decades of the twentieth century. The novel features many characters, each symbolizing a different aspect of the Palestinian mentality. Through a psychoanalytic reading, one can better understand the hidden worldview of the novel and gain insight into the mentality of Palestinian society in the second half of the twentieth century.Based on Freud’s model, human beings’ psyche (conscious and unconscious) has three components. The first one is ‘Id’ which encompasses their primitive drives, pleasure instincts, and life drives. The child’s encounter with the realities of life results in the formation of its ‘Ego’ which is logical and realistic. Later, when its psyche develops, ‘Superego’ emerges out of ‘Ego’ which is the moralistic and idealistic dimension of the mind. It suppresses ‘Id’ due to its instinctive desires and censures ‘Ego’ for its occasional cooperation with ‘Id’.The current study assumes that three kinds of characters in the novel embody these three parts of the psyche. The masses and those who work in Israeli manufactures represent ‘Id’, as they have abandoned their ideals and solely think about their basic needs and survival. In this novel, Adel is a rationalist and realist responsible for organizing workers and their transfer to factories; thus he is presumed as a symbol of ‘Ego’. The character who embodies ‘Superego’ in this novel is Osama, constantly inviting Adel to idealism.Due to Adel’s influence over the masses, he requests Adel to encourage them to resist their Israeli factory owners. As a voice of rationalism and realism, Adel invites Osama to pragmatism. Throughout the novel, Adel dismisses Osama’s views; however, at the end of it all, Adel changes his standpoint transforming from ‘Ego’ to ‘Ideal ego’, resulting in his realistic viewpoint becoming an idealistic one.The evolved mentality at the end of novel is rational, idealistic and pragmatic - this is what Khalife wants for Palestinian people unconsciously.

"The Anxiety of Influence" is a theory proposed by Harold Bloom that discusses the effectiveness of poets. It is based on intertextuality and focuses on the relationship between contemporary poets and the past, as well as their fear of their own effectiveness. The theory suggests that poets modify their speech in order to conceal their effectiveness and present themselves as creative individuals. This concern or fear of effectiveness is evident in many poems and reports from the third and fourth centuries of Arabic literature. This essay takes a comparative-analytical approach to examine the mindset of these composers by analyzing their poetic compositions, historical-literary reports, and the opinions of orators from that time period. It aims to explore their worries and concerns regarding topics such as innovation and imitation. Additionally, using Bloom's theory as a guide, it examines the strategies employed by Abou Al-Tayeb Motanabbi to present his historical statements in a new light. The research demonstrates that these composers' confrontations with the limited opinions of their predecessors and contemporaries are rooted in psychological impulses and mental worries, rather than personal competition or militancy. Furthermore, the rhetorical approaches used during that time period added to the psychological pressure they experienced. Therefore, further research is necessary. The composers mock others while boasting about their artistic talent, which reveals their anxiety and worry about efficacy. They employ techniques such as brevity, exaggerated imagery, reversing repetitive concepts, using distant metaphors, and implicit or explicit analogies instead of weak examples to make repetitive forms and objects feel fresh and establish themselves as innovative poets.

One of the new scientific fields directly related to the human mind is cognitive science. Visual diagrams, first proposed by Mark Johnson, are one of the most important infrastructures in this field. Due to its psychological nature and direct connection with the mind, vocabulary can be investigated through cognitive studies. Cognitive science and its related disciplines, such as cognitive linguistics, have provided researchers with the necessary tools to conduct cognitive research due to their communicative nature. The goal of this article's authors is to use these tools to decipher the meaning of words.The current research involves a case study of equivalent vocabulary found in Persian and Arabic in biology courses during the first and second terms. The aim is to determine the use of visual schemas in equivalent vocabulary and examine these two languages based on Johnson's linguistic approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The study seeks to investigate how far equivalent words in Persian and Arabic in biology lessons from seventh to twelfth grade reach meaning with the application of physical experiences, and whether they have been found in language form.The purpose of this research is to show the prominent role of image schemas as semantic tools in making abstract spaces concrete in people's minds. After analyzing the data, it was found that the volumetric schema has the highest rate in equivalence of words in Arabic language. The Arabic word is not found in the movement schema, but it has an equal contribution as the power schema does in transferring meaning for equivalent words between Persian and Arabic languages.

The time of narrative discourse is multidimensional and abnormal, creating scattered images to highlight the fictional concept. An idea refers to a dominant belief that results from repeating an image. The novel "Sleeping in the Cherry Field" by Iraqi writer Azhar Jerjis, nominated for the Arabic Booker Prize in 2020, is an example of exile literary works. Its motif is the concept of the lack of individual identity in the shadow of homeland security, rooted in the idea of "desire for immortality". This current research is a qualitative and descriptive-analytical study based on library sources. It aims to discover the basis of the formation of the idea in "Sleeping in the Cherry Field", explain the relationship between time and personality traits, and determine the emotions emanating from the idea of immortality based on Gerard Genette's theory of narrative discourse in three themes: order, duration, and frequency. The application of this theory is necessary to prove the idea of narration as it highlights characteristics of the hero's character and emotions. The findings reveal that narrative structure as a labyrinth and fluid flow of mind create anachronisms in narrative discourse order. Its duration is based on dialogue, summarization, omission, and descriptive pause, while types of frequency including single, repeated, and repeating stories are used to highlight "desire for immortality". One result is a contrast between present and past as a basis for immortality. The protagonist's isolation in time creates emotions such as fear, hope, confusion, and disappointment.