ماهنامه معرفت
سال سی و دوم شماره 9 (پیاپی 312، آذر 1402)

Discussions about faith have been raised in the narrations, which in many cases are compatible with rational discussions. Perhaps the correlation of these narrations with the fourteenth verse of Surah "Hujurat" which says: "The Bedouins say, We have faith. Say, You do not have faith yet; rather, say, We have embraced Islam, for faith has not yet entered into your hearts", is clear. The narrations that discuss the truth of faith try to express the conditions and characteristics of true faith; That is, the faith that is completely entered in the heart and God considers it as faith, and this is different from mere Islam, which is achieved by expressing two testimonies. In the discussion about the border between disbelief and faith, it was said that disbelief, like faith, has two uses: A jurisprudential application that is used against Islam and has more of a legal aspect in social relations between people; But sometimes in narrations, an infidel refers to someone who has not benefited from faith, or does not adhere to its requirements. On this basis, such a disbeliever is not from the happiness of the hereafter, although he may be a Muslim in appearance and be treated as a Muslim in terms of jurisprudence and legal rulings. As the Prophet had such a relationship with many of his relatives and treated them like a Muslim. “If We had willed, We would have introduced them to you [and told you that they are in fact disbelievers].” (Muhammad: 4)

The designers of philosophy for children and many other thinkers in this field are of the opinion that philosophy for children is a program to increase critical and creative thinking skills in understanding philosophical issues among children. This program aims to teach children how to ask and philosophize. Using the descriptive and analytical method, this research analyzes and criticizes philosophy for children and examines why and how it is used in Iran's educational system. To reach the answer of each of the research questions, a method should be used according to the requirements of each question and answer. The method used in this research to answer the first question (investigating the basics of philosophy education for children) and the second question (investigating the criticisms of philosophy education for children) is a descriptive method. In fact, we have described philosophy education for children first. Then, in response to the third question, why and how to use philosophy education for children in Iran's educational system, we have used the analytical method. In this way, we have analyzed the implications of philosophy education for children in Iran's educational system. The sources that are used in this research are the works of Lippman, which are considered as primary sources, and the works and researches of others, more than 20 articles in this field, which are considered as secondary sources.

Criticizing the epistemological foundations of neoliberalism in education, this research was conducted from the perspective of Allameh Misbah Yazdi. The type of this research is qualitative and in order to achieve the goal of the research, two research methods were used: documentary analysis and research of Franken's practical inference, as well as criticism. The statistical community of the research included all works, writings and historical narratives related to the subject of neoliberalism in the field of education and epistemology of Islamic education. Based on the findings of the research, neoliberalism tries to cultivate people whose main characteristic is self-centeredness. In this subject, in appearance, they are free to manage their time and resources for the optimal realization of human capital in their existence, but the members of the education field enter a competitive and ambiguous environment, and their job security depends on compliance with continuous criteria and standards. But from the point of view of Islamic education and training, the most basic position of science is to prepare efficient, competent and skilled manpower in order to respond to the needs of society in various fields.

Despite the fact that the concept of piety is the most important educational concept in religious education and there have been researches on the concept of piety and how it is formed; But still, this widely used concept, in terms of whatness, is not precisely known among the common people and the elite. Also, in the field of how to realize piety in humans, there are questions that need to be re-examined; What is the meaning of piety? And what types and levels does it have? And how is it realized in humans? Using the descriptive-analytical method and studying religious texts, it is obtained that piety means avoiding risks; But the self-restraint of a monotheist from dangers, who believes that everything is realized under the will of God Almighty, and exclusive in self-restraint from divine wrath. The concept of piety has been used in religious texts, both as a verb and as an inner meaning. The act of piety is very valuable; But its value increases when it becomes an inner faculty. Self-awareness and correct worldview and constructive thinking make a person, first of all, protect himself from absolute dangers and finally, protect himself from God's wrath, give up his carnal desires and leave the pleasure of sin, and live the hardships of worship and repetition. These self-restraints cause the formation of the faculty of piety in humans.

Patience has a high place in resistance literature. Islamic teachings are also full of calls for patience, including patience during adversity. Taking advantage of the life of Hazrat Zahra (PBUH), who is a perfect example for the world, in this article, the causes of her patience during calamity are discussed; Reasons that will undoubtedly draw a road map for strengthening stability in the face of adversity. Using the descriptive-analytical method, and library resources, this research seeks to extract these causes. Reflecting the life of Hazrat Zahra (PBUH), the causes of the mentioned behaviors can be classified as follows: external behaviors such as: strong will, piety, consideration in the stories of divine prophets and internal behaviors such as: clinging to the Quran and following Sharia and reason, worship, accustoming the self to patience, correct education and divine help. I hope that by taking advantage of the life of this infallible lady, we can walk the straight path and get close to God.

The main purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of critical thinking skills in explaining the principle of enjoining good and forbidding evil in the second year students of Gilan secondary school. The statistical population was all high school students, with a frequency of 1626 girls' classes and 1678 boys' classes. The sampling method was of a multi-stage clustered probability type. The statistical sample of 262 people included 12 classes (6 treatment classes and 6 control classes) which were randomly selected from among tenth grade students. The experimental research method was conducted with the critical thinking skills questionnaire tool (Glaser-Watson test) for the pre-test. One week after teaching critical thinking skills to the treatment group, a post-test was conducted from both groups. The content of the indirect post-test was about enjoining good and forbidding evil. For analysis, parametric descriptive and inferential statistics were used according to the type of question and hypothesis. The findings showed that teaching critical thinking skills is effective for increasing students' ability to explain what is known and what is forbidden from what is wrong.

Tabaruj is one of the symbols and indicators of the first or pre-Islamic ignorance, which today is considered one of the main symbols and representatives of the new ignorance in the modern world. The Holy Quran has mentioned this social problem and its sanctity in its verses. Considering the rapid and comprehensive growth of the problem of bullying among young people and the lack of insight and awareness of a wide range of them in this regard, it is necessary to take more measures to deal with and fight this social scourge by schools and other educational institutions; Because surely, after the family, the most important institution for the formation of people's personality is the school. Investigating the social problem of Tabaruj from the perspective of Quran and Islam and analyzing and identifying the role of schools and educational system in guiding and controlling this social problem is the aim of this research. This research states that schools should pay more attention to their educational roles in all fields, especially hijab and chastity. Unfortunately, we have seen that some schools only focus on educational aspects and have prioritized education over education. Using library resources and descriptive-analytical method this study has been done.

The emergence of the Corona pandemic in the world overshadowed all aspects of human life; So that the post-corona world has significant differences with the pre-corona world, and this phenomenon has been accompanied by countless opportunities and threats in the field of human life. Knowing these opportunities and these threats is mandatory for today's humans; Because peace is realized when a person reaches a balance by correctly interacting with the changes in the world around him, and this balance is possible with correct knowledge. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the opportunities and threats of the corona virus (Covid-19) in the religious-ethical and rational dimensions through the lived experiences of elementary school teachers. The current research is qualitative and phenomenological. With the help of targeted sampling, 18 people from the community were studied. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. The information was analyzed with the help of Clayey's seven-step method. The findings of this research can be divided into three general religious-ethical and rational dimensions, each of which includes several components, and the participants have expressed different opinions about each of these components, which are detailed in this article. Paying attention to all the threats and opportunities of corona disease is emphasized in this research in order to compile comprehensive plans to use its opportunities and eliminate the threats arising from it.