نشریه نهال و بذر
سال سی و نهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

Branding of commercial bread wheat cultivars for producing baking products with uniform and acceptable quality by cconsumers is related to sufficient knowledge of different environmental conditions of whaet growing areas in Iran, as well as baking quality properties of grain and dough. Therefore, the aim of this research wwas to investigate grain and dough rheological quality properties including quantity and quality of protein and gluten of the grain samples as well as farinograph and extensograph characteristics and grouping based on various products in the baking industry of 22 irrigated commercial bread wheat cultivars collected from 30 provinces in Iran in 2015-2016. The results showed that the highest and lowest grain protein content was recorded for cv. Mehregan and cv. Uroum with 12.7% and 11.4%, respectively. The wet gluten varied from 20.5% (cv. Sisatan) to 30.9% (cv. Gonbad), zeleny sedimentation value ranged from 18.9 ml (cv. Arg) to 25.5 ml (cv. Mehregan), and SDS sedimentation height varied from 51.3 mm (cv. Sivand) 69.6 mm (cv. Mehregan). The dough prepared from cv. Mehregan (15.5 minutes), Soissons (10.3 minutes) and Chamran 2 (10.1 minutes) showed high dough stability, respectively. The lowest dough stability, among the examined cultivars, was related to cv. Uroum (1.3 minutes) and Sistan (0.2 minutes), respectively. Similar results were observed in extensograph test, cv. Mehregan and cv. Soissons were identified as semi-strong, while cv. Uroum, cv. Ehsan and cv. Heydari had the lowest dough energy. Finally, according to the results of this research some characteristics as growth habit, grain colour, grain hardness, grain protein content, farinograph and extensograph, the studied irrigated commercial bread wheat cultivars were grouped based on end-use products, in four groups, Voluminous breads (industrial breads) and suitable for blending with weaker flours, semi-voluminous breads, flat breads (Iranian breads) and confectionary, cakes, cookies and related industries.

Considering the extent of grapevine cultivation in arid and semi-arid areas of the world where salinity stress is one of the important environmental stresses that limits grape production in Iran. Therefore, this research was carried out for preliminary evaluation and comparison of the reaction of three grapevine native cutivars; Bidaneh Sefid, Bidaneh Ghermez, Shahroudi and three hybrids H4, H6 and Kober5BB rootstocks in response to salinity stress in Temperate Fruits Research Center, Horticultural Sciences Research Institute, in Karaj, Iran, in 2015 -2017. The experiments were conducted as factorial arrangements in completely randomized design with five replications under in vitro conditions. The effect of salt was evaluated to identify the most tolerant cultivar/rootstock at four concentration levels of sodium chloride (NaCl); 0 (control), 25, 50 and 75 mM. The results showed significant effect of different salt levels on grapevine cultivars/rootstocks for all vegetative traits including; length of shootlets, number of leaves shootlet-1 and leaf expansion. Most of these traits increased at mild salt stress up to 25 mM. However, at 50 and 75 mM, which are decisive concentrations for tolerance of plant tissues to salinity, the traits showed significant decreases. According to the vegetative growth charcteristics, H6 hybrid rootstock and cv. Shahroudi had relative tolerance to the salinity stress that was confirmed by high preservation of their chlorophyll content, as observed about 2 mg g-1 FW in H6 hybrid rootstock. The total protein and proline contents of leaves showed that the total protein content in all grapevine cultivars and rootstocks followed increasing trend with stress intensity. The proline content had an appropriate association with the higher tolerance level of H6 hybrid rootstock and cv. Shahroudi to 75 mM of sodium chloride.

Date palm is one of the important crops mainly grown in the arid regions of the Middle East and North Africa as well as in the southern warm and dry areas in Iran. One of the most important factors that reduces the quality and commercial value of date fruit is sunburn disorder during fruit growth and development. Therefore, this research was carried out to evaluate the effect of kraft paper, black, white, and blue cloth, green greenhouse netting, straw bag, and without bag (control) at the khalal stage on the ripening rate and sunburn incidence of cv. Medjool using randomized complete block design with eight replication in in Umm al Tameir research station, date palm and tropical fruits research, Ahvaz, in 2020 and 2021. The bags' ends were open and remained on the trees until harvest. The results showed that the bunch weight, the kimiri, khalal and date fruits proportions were affected by year. In 2021, average bunch weight (5.83 kg), kimiri percentage (8.6%) and khalal percentage (28%) were more than 2020, while in 2020 the percentage of date fruits (10.48%) was more than 2021. The rate of kimiri at harvest was lower in black cloth than in others bags. In 2020, bunch bagging with green greenhouse netting, white cloth, and kraft paper increased rutab rate by 9.81%, 12.99% and 11.37%, respectively, as compared to control. Bagging did not affect fruit size and weight. All kind of bags decreased the incidence of sunburn disorder. Kraft paper bag significantly decreased the percentage of dried fruits to 6.78% as compared to control with 9.93%. The rate of fruit decay was not affected by bagging. Considering the results of this research, it was concluded that black and white cloth bags were more effective in reducing sunburn disorder and fruit decay rate of palm date fruit cv. Medjool.

Considering the adverse effect of changing climate, it is necssary to introduce new commercial high-yielding and marketable almond cultivars with different chilling and heat requirements, flowering time, which can adapt to various regions. Therefore, almond trees of three recently registered cultivars named; Aria, Bardia and Zeighami and two control cultivars grafted on bitter almond seedlings were compared using randomized complete block design with five replications from 2018-21 in an almond orchard in Neyriz of Fars province in Iran. Chilling and heat requirements, tree growth vigor, yield related traits, and relationships between different pomological and morphological characteristics were measured and evaluated. The results showed that cv. Aria was superior to the other cultivars due to its higher trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) (325 cm2) and production and yield efficiency (100.26 g nut and 25.36 g kernel per cm2 TCSA). The proportion of double kernels and kernels in the Zeighami and Bardia cultivars, respectively, was below the standard classification for almonds. Cv. Aria and cv. Bardia had the lowest chilling requirements (296 CU) and cv. Ferraduel the highest (515 CU). The heat requirement of the newly registered almond cultivars was also lower than control cultivars. Aria and Bardia cultivars flowered two weeks earlier than control cultivars. In conclusion, cv. Aria is a suitable commercial almond cultivar for being grown in regions with no of spring frost risk.

Dwarfing and nutrient uptake ability are among the important traits in pear rootstocks breeding programs. In this research, growth characteristics and macronutrients and iron uptake ability was compared in seedlings of 13 native and introduced species of genus pear (Pyrus), one commercial interspecies hybrid and three common clonal rootstocks of Pyrodwarf, Quince EMA and Quince BA29 from the species of genus Cynodonia (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). Evaluation was carried-out under controlled conditions using completely randomized design with 10 replicates in 2022. Growth characteristics and chlorophyll index in 70, 120, and 160 days after establishment were evaluated and measured. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron uptake was evaluated and compared in Pyrus and Cydonia rootstocks 160 days after seedlings establishment. The results showed that the highest dwarfing rate belonged to P. syriaca followed by the clonal rootstocks, and the highest growth rate was measured in seedling rootstocks of P. communis derived from cv. Dargazi followed by P. bretschneideri. In P. syriaca, the lowest internode length was observed after 160 days with an average of 1.61 cm, which indicated the effect of dwarfing on slowing the growth of this species. Regarding the uptake of nutrient, P. hyrcana, P. nivalis, and P. pashia had the highest nitrogen uptake, P. amygdaliformis and P. nivalis had the highest phosphorus uptake and P. syriaca had the highest leaf potassium content. Considering the results of this research, future researches should focus on e evaluation of using P. syriaca as a dwarf rootstock for in establishment of intensive/ highly intensive pear orchards, or as the parent for dwarfing traits in pear breeding programs.