نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 45 (زمستان 1402)

The occurrence of earthquakes and many active faults in Tehran, as well as the problems of population density and lack of preparation for a crisis, failure to use modern technologies, and on the other hand, crisis Infrastructures being unused in regular times, is a primary issue. This research aims to adapt two different Functions in a single space before and after the crisis by applying the principle of flexibility so that it can benefit from an efficient method to reduce the consequences of the earthquake crisis immediately after it. This research aims to reduce the effects and implications for the affected people after the earthquake by providing the necessary spaces in Tehran.The present research is a mixed-method study with a practical research goal. During the research process, theoretical data were collected through library studies, then they were analyzed using coding methods and turned into qualitatively measurable codes. After reaching a theoretical framework from the conducted studies, the flexibility-coded indexes were prioritized in terms of their impact on the functional alignment of municipal services complex during earthquake crisis management, using the Delphi structured method based on questions from experts. Finally, the different categories of flexibility were prioritized in terms of their impact on the space of the building. The results indicate that the highest amount of flexibility types are related to expandability, modular design system based on modular design networks, multi-functionality, movable walls, flexible furniture, and openable and movable skins. Furthermore, the highest amount of the impact of flexibility on the space of the complex is related to structural, physical, spatial, and visual changes.

Problem Statement:

 Performative Computational Architecture is an intelligent approach to the performance-based design process, which has a lot of conceptual confusion among some students, designers, and researchers. The purpose of the research: The purpose of this study is to systematically review Performative Computational Architecture to explain its functional and physical factors.

The research method of this research with a quantitative-qualitative and comprehensive approach is document content analysis based on literature review of Performative Computational Architecture. Data analysis has been done through descriptive analysis and correlation, regression and Shannon tests on subjects and factors.

The findings show that the researches in the field of Performative Computational Architecture have been conducted in three topics of the skin, form and layout of the building. Shading, window dimensions, window placement and window-to-wall ratio are among the most important factors in determining the form of the building shell. Also, building form, floor height and the number of buildings are the most important factors in writing the building form generator design algorithm. Spatial location, proximity and network matrix are also among the most important factors in the design of the productive design of the building layout.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Performative Computational Architecture, as a performance-based design approach, shares the three concepts of generative design, algorithmic design and parametric design, with a focus on performance evaluation and optimization. Also, based on the findings, it can be concluded that the factors of form finding have different degrees of importance based on three subjects.The position of the space and the proximity matrix in the subject of layout, shading in the subject of skin and the shape of the building in the subject of form are explained as the key factors of form finding.

Due to the emergence of the issue of sense of place and the extreme importance of objective and functional issues in the modern period, an opposite movement took place and theorists turned more towards human and semantic factors. The topics of sense of place, which seem easy, were less directly analyzed. Bridges in historical spaces were considered part of the tourist spaces in the city, which over time has defined a new task for itself in addition to integration in the tourism sector. The purpose of this study is the effect of the sense of place components on the historical bridges on the Zayandeh River route from Sarcheshme to the wetland and presenting their differences. It is discussed with documentary technique related to the topic, then interview technique is used to verify the obtained components in theoretical bases. The extracted components were placed in the questionnaire with a Likert scale and distributed among the residents. The results are analyzed with EvIews software and different statistics are used in the analysis of the results. From the regression results, the average coefficient of determination of contemporary and historical bridges is inferred that the degree of sense of place in historical moments is one of the components of They were used to create a sense of place in bridges as an urban space, but what is important about historical bridges is that paying attention to bodies and decorations over time by families may have a greater effect on the feeling of belonging to a place. The component of green space, ease of access with a value of (1.000) has the largest contribution to the sense of place of bridges, and the least is related to spatial diversity with a value of (0.274).

Theaters and cinemas are important cultural centers in Tehran that, while affecting the social, family and cultural relations of citizens; They are part of the history and cultural and social identity of the city. In recent years, on the one hand, a change in the cinema economy and a change in the cultural consumption behavior of citizens; And the deterioration of movie theaters on the other hand; It has caused the closure of some theaters of the well-known name of Iranian cinema. The demolition of valuable buildings in Tehran cinemas and their conversion into economically profitable uses such as passages and commercial complexes is a danger that threatens the preservation of this part of Iran's contemporary architectural heritage. The purpose of this study is to discuss the capacity of social networks to mobilize public opinion in an effort to preserve these works of contemporary Iranian architecture. The research results emphasize the importance of "weak links" in preserving the heritage of contemporary architecture. Because people who do not even go to the cinema regularly or do not even know about a particular building, but because of being in a communication network, are willing to work on social networks to preserve valuable buildings. Large-scale social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram; They have had a great impact on the cultural consumption of the people; But the interest in preserving valuable works of contemporary architectural heritage remains. In practice, "weak links" can be considered an alternative to "strong links" in preserving the valuable buildings of Tehran cinemas. In other words, in future social theories, the role of "weak links" in preserving the contemporary architectural heritage of Iran, especially the valuable buildings of Tehran cinemas, should not be underestimated.

The momentum of the new resurgent urbanism urgently needs to find new ways of designing in harmony with nature and culture due to spirituality. Insufficient attention to spiritual and moral principles, methods or teachings in urban development has exacerbated this issue .The research method of literature review is the systematic review. In order to refine the theoretical framework and draw a conceptual model, the Delphi method and semi-structured interviews with 51 professors of urban planning, architecture, Quran and hadith science, and 21 interviews with people have been used. Finally, literature review and interviews with professors are analyzed by the thematic analysis method to generate initial codes, review and define themes and finally draw the thematic network of data. The results show that the spiritual urban space is formed in a context that is based on religious or non-religious beliefs and each of these contexts leads to the formation of socio-cultural identity. These values and socio-cultural identity are the basis for the creation of spiritual urban spaces that have one of the elements of sacred or identity architecture in the physical dimensions, meaningful colors and materials and public art; In the visual dimensions, the sense of glory, unity, sacredness, humility, cultural landscape, sacred landscape and green landscape; In the perceptual dimensions of religious and cultural symbols and signs, the sacred sound landscape; In functional dimensions, sacred paths, sacred uses; In the natural dimensions of the environment, natural elements and environmental identity of the region; In socio-cultural dimensions, cultural identity, cultural and social events in a cohesive multicultural society; And in the dimension of time, the sense of time in historical contexts and religious-cultural uses are temporal. Perception and experience of such spaces have different effects on individuals, which include the person's optimal relationship with God, self, others and nature.

The purpose of this research is the effect of the transformations of Iranian house spaces and house design and construction rules as independent variables on the spatial characteristics of modern houses as a dependent variable in the two Pahlavi periods (first and second) and after the revolution in Tehran. The current research deals with the external and internal changes of houses and the removal of some spaces. The main question of the research is, what was the role of construction principles and urban laws in the architecture of the Pahlavi period and the evolution of the house model of that period? The research methods in this research are of historical-interpretive type and with the analysis of case examples. Data collection was done in the form of documentary library and direct observation.The results of the research show that the indicators of architectural patterns and construction laws have affected different social classes in each period, and as a result, the external and internal spaces have been eliminated, and introversion has become extroversion, and finally, the flexibility and openness in the spaces has decreased. The yard has also become smaller in today's houses as a light space without any special function. The emergence of modern architecture and the laws of municipalities are the basis for these changes and transformations, and the convergence of government, people and architects has played a major role in modernization and urban and architectural transformation.Also, urban management as a powerful tool in terms of political, cultural, social, etc., has played a prominent role in the changes of the construction pattern.And in general, it can be said that the tradition of Iranian architecture, which is based on the values of Iranian culture and derived from Islamic worldview and standards, has been completely forgotten.

Numerous scholars have examined the issue of examining urban layout in order to encourage social activities and walking to improve interactions and urban life. Therefore, it is crucial to pay close attention to structures that, on the one hand, encourage more walking in the city's public areas and, on the other hand, extend the length of walking in the public space. Because it improves the quality of life and health of the populace. Complicating the nature of growth and city structure patterns, we must pay attention to several aspects in order to identify the elements that influence the increase in citizen walking in diverse urban structures and use more complicated methodologies. Consequently, the questionnaire approach and machine learning employing the regression method will be used in this work. Using machine learning allows the researcher to investigate the intricate interactions between many factors. The objective of this study is to analyses the overt and covert interactions between numerous environmental elements that influence residents' walking in Shiraz's metropolitan area. The findings of this study indicate that the five factors of personal privacy, improving access to public spaces, free of garbage, high-quality architecture and connecting different elements, and sufficient opportunity for pedestrian movement have the greatest influence on the amount of time spent walking in the urban environment. The element with the least influence is supervision, which includes a larger police presence, a greater emphasis on personal safety and security, and a CCTV system. In general, the maximum amount of walking time per day may be predicted with roughly 92% accuracy using these 16 criteria. Managers, designers, and urban planners may apply the findings to promote urban vibrancy and activities, particularly walking.

Children spend about 25% of their time in the educational open spaces, as the outdoor space for preschool children (3-6 years) can influence mental ,physical, artistic and educational needs, which all have interconnections with creativity growth. Considering the neglect of landscape design, researchers shall pay attention to the principled design of this important space in order to promote children's creativity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the quality of open space educational environments in order to strengthen the role of these spaces in the growth of children's creativity. Based on the literature review, the influential factors on creativity were identified and categorized. an open-ended test (with a qualitative method) conducted to gather the attitude of architects and specialists in psychology and educational sciences who are experts in the field of children's creativity, aiming to optimize open educational spaces in and develop the creativity of children aged 3-6years. The results studied descriptively by content analysis method. Relying on the findings of the open-ended test and literature review, a closed-ended questionnaire was published between the kindergarten and preschool community of Tehran. Then, by performing exploratory factor analysis using spss-26 software on the results of the questionnaires, 6factors were introduced: "inviting the environment to participation and experience, psychological well-being, stimulating natural elements of the environment, diversity of performance, environmental vitality and environmental motivation". The details of the above factors, given the questions that each factor poses, can lead to a list of principles of open space design for children that can be the subject of future research. The use of gender as a controlling factor can introduce subject for future studies.

The educational environment is one of the determining factors in the academic progress of students.The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of physical components of the educational environment on the student's motivation in Tehran. The type of present research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the research included the Sixth-grade elementary school students of Tehran city who were studying in the academic year of 2020-2021. Sampling was done by the systematic-probability sampling method. Three hundred and eighty-seven students who met the criteria to enter the research were selected. The research tools included questionnaires on the physical aspects of the classroom environment (PACE) (Ahmad et al. 2015) and the student's motivation toward science learning (SMTSL) (Tuan et al. 2005). To analyze the data, smart partial least squares structural (PLS) software, Pearson correlation test, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used. The results showed that the components of the physical environment (Academic self-efficacy, furniture, equipment and facilities, space, light, indoor air quality, and color) have a positive and significant relationship with the learning motivation variable. Also, the analysis of SEM showed that the value of the t statistic in all cases is higher than 1.96. Factor loading of items was above 0.40 and so the selected questions had appropriate factor structures. The path coefficient was equal to 0.340 and the absolute value of the t statistic was equal to 5.197 which was higher than 1.96. There was a significant positive relationship between the physical components of the educational environment, learning motivation, and the academic self-efficacy of students. Therefore, planning for changes in the structure of the physical components of schools can be one of the priorities of creating a fundamental change in the achieving academic excellence of students.

 Critical pedagogy is the application of critical theory in education. In other words, this is the understanding of critical theory in schools. Experts in critical pedagogy explore who, including individuals, classes, and institutions, control the education process and determine its priorities and goals. According to them, education, school institution and curriculum are beyond academic affairs and have political, social, economical, and educational aspects. Applying lessons of critical pedagogy in architectural education investigates the relationships between knowledge, power and education in the field of architecture. This type of architectural education aims at emancipation from cultural hegemony and believes that the practice of architectural education is a political and cultural one. Thus, it examines education in relation to the larger community in order to advance democracy through the development of the critical architecture profession.In this regard, the current research is an attempt to search and interpret the examples of injustice in Iranian architectural education by relying on the theories of critical pedagogy and raises the question of whether it is possible to apply the lessons of critical pedagogy in Iranian architectural education. This research follows the emancipatory paradigm and relies on library resources to explore the injustices in Iranian architectural education in three sections: "Injustices in the process of acceptance and entrance into architectural education", "Injustices in the process of architectural education" and "Injustices in the purpose and content of architectural education". It is concluded that despite the differences in the cultural context, some discussions of architectural critical pedagogy can be proposed in Iranian architectural education and can be criticized through an emancipatory approach.

Architectural taste is a faculty which presents sensibility but not reason or quick intellectual discernment plus delicacy of feeling that leading to architectural choices. A knowledge that does not come from logic, but from the innate awareness of architecture, and relies on the intuitive Consciousness of the person's mind rather than on the logical data of that. One of the ways to understand the behavior of the user's architectural taste is to understand the sources that produce these spatial-intuitive Consciousness in his or her mind, and the sense of place is one of these sources. The user's sense of place from previously experienced places is an extract of his intuitive perceptions of those places, which is recorded in his or her mind as a feeling; remarkable that the most tangible feelings can be found in his or her childhood.The "goal" of this research, on the one hand, is to redefine the concept of childhood sense of place and architectural taste, and on the other hand, to recognize the components of the childhood sense of place regarding the childhood buildings, and how these components affect the adulthood architectural taste. Therefore, in this study, on the one hand, the categories of architectural taste and childhood’s sense of place has been explained, and on the other hand, this "question" has been answered as to why there is a connection between childhood’s sense of place and adulthood’s taste in architecture and What is the form of this connection. According to the "findings of this research", the childhood sense of place is divided into three general categories: positive sense of place , negative sense of place (place of pain) and neutral sense of place. However, the positive sense of place and specifically the place of regret has a noticeable effect on adulthood architectural taste.

The vastness of Iran and the climatic zoning in its different regions have made it possible to create architectures with different characteristics during different historical periods in different places, which are valuable for further study and recognition. Unfortunately, these valuable models of native architecture are being lost and destroyed in many parts of the country due to erosion caused by natural and human factors. Due to the lack of study and recognition of these native architectural values, no effort has been made to preserve and revive these works; Therefore, research in these fields and understanding its patterns will help to preserve and revive the valuable native architecture of these regions. Examining the native and historical architecture of different region, especially the unknown regions of Iran, reveals valuable and distinctive features of the country's architecture. Sistan is one of the regions that has many valuable historical buildings in terms of architecture, especially related to the Sassanid and Safavid eras. The city of Hozdar that is located in the northern part of Sistan, has many historical buildings, which, unfortunately, due to being located on the way of river, have been completely damaged and most of them have been destroyed and in only a few of the remaining important buildings of this city, protective measures have been taken to prevent further destruction; therefore, the preservation and revival of these works, which require study, investigation and complete recognition; it is necessary and worthy of attention. There are different settlements related to different historical periods in this city but the prosperity and construction of a huge part of it happened in the Safavid period. In the previous researches, the focus of the researcher was on the landmark building of this region and conducting quantitative climate research on the cooling spaces of this complex.

The education method in the field of plain architecture is one of the most challenging categories in the field of education. This field uses both theoretical and practical fields that can educate people between theoretical topics and theoretical perspectives and practical and professional activities in design. And it plays an important role in creating constructive interaction with the environment and people. This research aims to investigate participation-oriented education plans in the field of theoretical and practical courses to create creativity. For this purpose, the method of educational plans of the test group and the control group is used, and the results for both groups are compared. The statistical population is the Bachelor of Architecture students of Semnan city, who are evaluated separately in the theoretical and practical areas. Generally, it is determined that Torrance's creativity variables in the theoretical courses both in the pre-exam stage and in the post-test stage have low coefficients. So that the lowest factor contribution of the component in the theoretical lessons is related to the fluid component with a value of (0.238) and the highest is related to expansion with a value of (0.581), in the post-test stage, the highest is related to flexibility with a value of (0.675) and The lowest is related to fluency with a value of (0.348). In the correlation between the pre-test and post-test blank responses, it is clear that the R coefficients are very low, and this is a sign of the intervention of intervening variables in the stage of conducting experimental designs.