نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 86 (زمستان 1402)

Urban green spaces are essential for the well-being of the population. However, due to various factors, the distribution of green spaces among city neighborhoods in quantitative and qualitative dimensions is often skewed. Hence, urban planners require effective tools to evaluate and analyze green spaces among the neighborhoods. The most common indicator used in green space assessment is the total area of green space to the total population, however, this index does not provide information on how green space is distributed in the city or region, as well as its ecosystem and ecological effects, which requires a more comprehensive study using new metrics. The aim of this study is to provide tools for a more comprehensive assessment to evaluate and plan better the location and quality of green spaces in the metropolis of Mashhad. For this a set of indicators for green spaces in a multidimensional framework was applied. The indicators considered (i) the total area of green spaces in relation to population and urban context, (ii) the quality of green spaces based on its size, density, the average Euclidean distance, and (iii) the accessibility of green spaces based on its shape, aggregation index, share of population supplied by GS, using the Geographic information system, Fragstats software. The proposed indicators were tested in seventeen municipalities of Mashhad. The results show that districts 17, 6 and 7 have the best and districts 15 and 16 which are among the least privileged areas of the city, have the worst situation of spatial distribution of green space in Mashhad.

In this research, using contextual analysis method, the contexts of rural home business development were identified. The information was collected based on semi-structured interviews and a study of sources and documents. Findings show that out of 126 open codes, 34 basic concepts were identified that can be divided into 11 categories of organizing themes. . These concepts are divided into 11 categories including: motivational, structural and infrastructural factors, marketing, policy-making, educational and extension, management, partnership, financial and credit resources, information system, attitude and support as organizing themes of the research subject. Were. The results of the analysis indicate that the participation of members, empowerment of stakeholders, change of attitude of villagers, improvement of credit and financial resources of villagers, improvement of infrastructure and comprehensive policy for the development of home-based businesses should be considered.Employment and unemployment, which are very important issues in rural areas, can be solved in general through home-based jobs and their development.

The growth rate of urban population varies in different regions, and the role and position of cities in this area is very influential. Baneh is now considered one of the most important cities in the west of the country, which is very much considered, and due to its commercial location, the urban population and the expansion of its urban settlements are in a steady rising trend. Due to the geomorphologic situation of the area, the development of the settlement areas of this city is confronted, and as a result of the development of this city, many settlements are located in areas that are geomorphologically part of the hazardous areas. Considering the above mentioned cases in this research, the Baneh urban development process from 1992 to 2017 has been evaluated and the aim of this research is to evaluate the Baneh urban development process during the period 1992 to 2017, and then on the basis of it, the development rate the city of Baneh will be projected until 2030. The research data included Landsat satellite imagery of 1992, 2001, 2011, and 2017, as well as information layers including DEM 30m. Data analysis was performed using two ARC GIS and IDRISI software. In this research, using satellite imagery of land use, a study area was developed from 1992 to 2017, and based on these maps, the LCM model predicts the development of residential areas by 2030. The results of the present study indicate that during the period 1992 to 2017 the size of the residential areas increased from 9 km2 to 20 km2, as well as the results of the prediction of the development of residential areas also indicate that the size of the restricted settlement areas until 2030 It will reach about 27.7 square kilometers.

Changes in the incidental behaviors are among the most important aspects of global climate change with significant consequences on human society and the environment. Monitoring and measuring heavy rainfall events are important for understanding the nature of severe weather fundamentals and future assessment. In this study, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) experiments with ground station data were performed at 20 synoptic stations for intense daily detection (25 mm and above) of precipitation over an 8-year period (2021-2014). Statistics such as coefficient of determination (R2), correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to compare and evaluate the observational and satellite data. Comparison of the maps obtained from GPM satellites and ground stations showed that the spatial distribution of precipitation from two similar bases is the same and the low and high rainfall areas correspond to the region. GPM satellite detected precipitation zones well so that the spatial correlation coefficient between GPM satellite and observed was 0.81. The results of the ANOVA test between the observational data and the GPM satellites showed that due to the low significance level of p-value of 0.000, the assumption that the average precipitation is the same between the two databases is rejected. There is a significant relationship between the average precipitation at ground and satellite stations. Also, the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that since the obtained p-value (0.819) is a number higher than the error value of the test (0.05), so the null hypothesis based on the equality of precipitation values recorded at ground stations and modeled are the same and the null hypothesis is confirmed.

This study was conducted with the general purpose of the effects of adaptation behaviors of small-scale farmers in drought conditions on the level of household food security. The statistical population of the study included all small-scale farmers in West Azerbaijan province. The sample size was estimated using Krejcie and Morgan table of 430 small-scale rural household heads. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed by SPSS19 software. The results showed that the rural households studied did not have adequate food security in drought conditions. In addition, factor analysis classified adaptation behaviors into three categories: active adaptation strategies, self-control, and integration. The results of ordinal regression also showed that adaptation classes have positive and significant effects on improving food security of rural households.

Food security and nutrition are the main themes of national development that new attitudes, necessities and priorities have been revealed at the policy-making level and have become one of the challenges of the 21st century in recent years. The current study is practical and in terms of nature and methodology is descriptive and analytical. For collecting data, (questionnaire, interview, and observation) has been used. The context of study is Heris and Bostanabad Counties in East Azerbaijan city.Three factors were considered in selecting the sample villages in the above-mentioned cities; 1) Geographical distribution in rural areas, 2) Topographic factor and altitude, and 3) Number of rural population and households (villages with more than 50 households), and thus 18 villages from Bostanabad county and 10 villages from Heris county were selected for research. The statistical population consists of heads of rural households. The selected villages have a population of 26,087 people and 7,574 rural households, of which 392 households were selected using the Cochran's formula. In order to analyze the data, sample t-tests, SAW technique, Kendall, Kruskalovalis, etc. were used. The results showed that the status of all food security indicators (access, access, consumption method and stability) in the study area was evaluated favorably and the villages of Jigheh, shirvanehdeh and Charmkhurane-Sofla are in the first to third ranks in terms of food security and food security is high compared to other villages studied. Meanwhile, the villages of Khashndarq, Ein al-Din and Baroug are in the last ranks in terms of food security in the study area and in these villages, food security is low compared to other villages. Also, economic factor (income, employment, production, exploitation, economic diversification, etc.) has been identified as the most important factors in increasing food security in rural areas from the perspective of research respondents.

Resilience Against Earthquake, which is actually how geographical, societal, economic, institutional, and so on societies are affected by disasters, is one of the issues that should be addressed in every society. It is important to note that the type of attitude toward resilience and how it is analyzed on the one hand plays a key role in how resilience is understood and its causes and on the other hand it affects the policies and measures of risk reduction and how to deal with it. The purpose of this study was to classify new urban Habitations of Isfahan city against earthquake hazard. According to the investigated components and the nature of the issue, the approach that is used in this research is "descriptive-analytical". The statistical population of this research consists of 6 new Habitations of Shahin Shahr, Majlesi, Sepahan Shahr, Fooladshahr, Baharestan and Shahid Keshvari Township. The purpose of this research is practical and has been done in the literature and Library of research for data collection through library method. In this study, the authors sought to answer the question of what is the level of resilience of new urban Habitations in Isfahan urban area against earthquake? Based on the results of this study, the new Habitations of Shahin shahr, Shahid Keshvari, Baharestan, Fooladshahr, Sepahan Shahr and Majlesi with desirable functions of 0.889, 0.335, 0.300, 0.279, 0.275 and 0.272 respectively have Ranks 1 to 6 in social resilience against earthquake risk.

In today's modern world where people get lost in the maze of wide streets and stairs and live hard in the layers of cold and soulless iron cities. In some cities there are areas of old structures that Walking in these areas brings peace and slowing down the passage of time.

Objective of the study: 

Application of sustainable urban regeneration in the historical context of the Prophetic neighborhood of Qazvin Research The present study is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and has practical aspects. In a quantitative way, the study of housing indicators in order to identify the current state of housing in the historical context. Qualitative method with in-depth interview technique. Formation of a 15-member panel of experts in order to apply sustainable urban regeneration in the historical context of Qazvin.

Geographical area of the study: 

The study area includes the historical context of Qazvin, the neighborhood of the Prophet, the market area and the adjacent residential context. This neighborhood is limited to Imam Khomeini Street from the north, Peyghambriyeh Street from the east, Ansari from the south and Rumi from the west.In the stage of reviewing housing indicators in the historical context of Qazvin city,

Peyghambrieh neighborhood can be analyzed: 

Housing in this context needs seismic improvement in order to strengthen, economic empowerment, identification through revitalization of historical housing species. The second stage, based on the application of sustainable urban regeneration, was summarized by the method of in-depth interviews with experts on the most important aspects of regeneration in the historical context of Qazvin, Peyghambriyeh neighborhood.

The main result of this research is the application of institutional mechanisms to move towards the application of integrated tissue management in the first step and then the establishment of sustainable urban regeneration in this context.

Today, long-term forecasting of climate variables has received much attention in order to be aware of the extent of change and, consequently, to take the necessary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. In this study, minimum temperatures in Kurdistan province were predicted using LARS-WG6 downscaling for the next three 20-year periods (2040-2021, 2060-2041, 2080-2061). For this purpose, the HadGEM2-ES general circulation model and three scenarios of RCP8.5, RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 were used. To generate the time series of future periods, daily data for the statistical period 1989-2019 were used and the trend of its changes was analyzed using Mann-Kendall test. The results showed that LARS-WG6 software simulates the minimum values of the minimum temperature well with low error indicators. Also, based on the results of the HadGM2-ES global model output in the study area, the minimum temperature in the future period will be higher than the base period in all scenarios and periods. The intensity of this increase under the RCP8.5 scenario is related to the last period of the century (2080-2061) and its lesser extent is related to the period (2060-2041) under the RCP4.5 scenario. Examination of seasonal averages also shows that spring has a lower temperature increase and autumn has a higher temperature increase. The trend of changes shows that the trend is positive and negative in both directions, so that in most stations and scenarios in different forecast periods, spring will have the most positive trend and autumn will have the most negative trend. Therefore, it can be concluded that the temperature will increase in future periods and the effect of cold waves will decrease.

The city of Tabriz, which has the fastest urban growth in the northwest of the country, is one of the largest cities in Iran in terms of population, economic activity, industry and transportation options. Public transportation and industry combustion and lack of proper filtration of these industries, such as thermal power plants, has led to increased air pollution in the city. For this purpose, the present study tries to use input variables (distance from industrial centers, humidity, temperature, population density, distance from commercial centers, distance from bus stations, distance from educational centers, vegetation changes, distance from free Roads, building density, wind direction, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide) to assess air pollution using artificial neural networks in the metropolis of Tabriz. In the present study, the independent variables affecting the distribution of pollution probability in two models of multilayer perceptron neural network (MLP) and linear regression were tried to be defined by defining measures in urban management and influencing and planning the mentioned variables. Improve pollution control.The results show that the major pollutants are mostly suspended particles (PM10), gas (CO2), (SO2) and (NOx).The dispersion of airborne particles is mostly due to vehicle traffic, industrial activities, fuel combustion of diesel engines and construction and the need to generate more electricity.-The activities of thermal power plants, Tabriz refinery and domestic and commercial heating systems are also among the factors producing SO2 and the highest CO2 production is related to the fuel of gasoline-burning vehicles. The intensity of the increase in the amount of this pollutant in all selected stations in the autumn and winter seasons is much higher, so that in these seasons the pollutants reach more than twice the allowable level.The share of Tabriz air pollutants can be divided into three general categories, the most important of which is the thermal power plant and transportation.

Late spring frost cause a lot of damage to the agricultural sector every year. Prediction of this phenomenon is needed to active protection of plants. In this research, using FAO experimental method, daily and hourly data of two meteorological stations were used to determine the coefficients of the experimental model for prediction radiation frost in Qazvin Plain. also, in order to investigate the climatic condition of spring frost, the daily minimum temperature data of Qazvin and Buinzahra stations were used. The analysis of sixty years data in Qazvin stations showed that the intensity of frost has decreased during these years, but frequency of frost in Ordibehesht month has increased. Air, dew-point at two hours after sunset and minimum temperature relate 25 events of radiation frost at Simorgh station were used for regional coefficient calculation based on two models. These models were evaluated using 14 events of radiation frost at Tat stations. The mean absolute error(MAE) for testing and evaluating of Model1 was 0.71℃ and 1.21℃ and for Model2 was 0.67℃ and 1.09℃. The findings also showed that both models have acceptable accuracy in estimating the minimum temperature of the next day. It is proposed that these two models can be used for prediction of radiation frost in other regions.

Since villages are the main cells of Iran's economic life, so the stability of the rural economy is a vital corridor to achieve the stability of the national economy. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of recognizing the level of economic sustainability of the villages of Langroud county; The data collection tools in the present study include documentary methods in the form of libraries and field methods in the form of questionnaires. The statistical population of this study includes the Rural managers with 20 households and more in the county of Langroud and a total of 110 people in 7 rural areas of this city, which has been studied in a total number. In this study, in order to investigate the level of economic sustainability of villages, the sustainability barometer method was used. Binomial test was also used to compare the research components. The results showed that the level of economic stability in rural settlements of the city in the three components of justice, stability and welfare and finally, overall economic stability, were significantly different. The results of the level of sustainability of the studied components showed that economic justice, economic stability, economic welfare, and finally the economic sustainability of the villages in the region are at a weak level. In terms of the level of economic stability, the highest level has the villages of Klidbar, Sigarud, and the lowest level of economic stability have the villages of Fetideh and Koholboon.