نشریه قرآن و علم
پیاپی 33 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Organizational behavior is the systematic study aimed at understanding the causes of behaviors, improving predictions, guiding and controlling with the purpose of revealing important realities in relationships and creating changes in undesirable behaviors. The necessity of understanding the influence of the turbulent and dynamic environment on organizational behavior in this age of communications and information, and significant technological advancements, the emergence of transboundary organizations, and complex organizations, as well as the importance of speed as a competitive advantage and improving flexibility, has become clearer than ever. This research, with fundamental and applied objectives, examines the issue from the perspective of the Quran, using a descriptive-analytical-inferential method and content analysis to clarify the viewpoint of Sepahar Vahiani. The findings indicate that in the Quran, not only attention is paid to the influence of the environment on organizational behavior, but also, with a broader view than contemporary management science, its implications are challenged in the areas of human, organization, and environment perspectives, while expanding the scope of this science, it emphasizes particular attention to the active, dynamic, and preventive interaction of human and organizational entities with the environment. The divine revelation emphasizes the role of the environment in perceptions, decision-making, education and learning, identity formation, and organizational culture; however, contrary to systemic and deterministic management, it does not accept human enslavement to the environment and, moreover, does not consider environmental factors limited to factors such as economic, technological, social, cultural, and political, but also raises and considers transcendental and metaphysical factors.

This research aims to examine and critique the components of maternal identity, investigate the reasons for the decline of the maternal position in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), and explore the perspectives of religious and Western discourse on this issue. The research method used in this article is documentary-library research, and the type of research is descriptive-analytical using qualitative content analysis method. The research population consists of the text of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and the collection of international documents drafted as supporting documents for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), as well as relevant books analyzing this document and texts of religious scriptures and the views of Islamic and Western scholars on the concept of human identity and maternal identity. The main issue in this article is to determine the approach of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) regarding maternal identity and what the religious discourse's opinion is on this matter. The findings of the research indicate that some of the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) address issues related to women in which the natural identity of motherhood is distorted, and influenced by the views of Western social scientists, maternal identity is considered as secondary identities, assuming that maternal identity, like other social identities, is influenced by social interactions and is used as a tool and strategy for a specific goal, which adapts to the cultural changes of societies and undergoes changes. However, from an ontological perspective, the existence of women in their maternal identity includes the ability to conceive, the capacity for pregnancy and childbirth, and the potential for nurturing and educating, and from a teleological perspective, their existence is effective in the survival of the generations and has the potential for divine vicegerency.

Spiritual well-being involves finding meaning and purpose in the fourfold relationships between humans and God, oneself, creation, and creatures to achieve a unified monotheistic system of belief, inclination, and action that makes life purposeful. The statement of the Second Step of the Islamic Revolution, with a special focus on spirituality and its role in the growth of Islamic society and civilization, provides indicators of spiritual well-being in the dimensions of insight, inclination, and action, which are based on verses and hadiths. This paper compiles and categorizes these indicators through collecting and categorizing all relevant verses and hadiths and systematically deducing them using a descriptive-analytical method based on the Quranic verses and hadiths. The findings indicate that the indicators of insight include belief in monotheism, spiritual self-awareness, recognition of the position and value of the family, enmity towards evil, and belief in the purposefulness and meaningfulness of nature. In terms of inclinational indicators, one can refer to inclinations towards virtues and distance from vices, hope in God, and altruism. The behavioral indicators include assisting the needy, servitude to God, and practical manifestations of self-struggle (jihad against the self).

In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him), the completion of noble virtues, meaning ethical virtues, has been introduced as the goal of his mission. The elucidation and acquisition of ethical virtues are among the most important goals of Islam. Since virtues in Islam encompass all acquired qualities and inner and outer behaviors of humans that originate from their will, some virtues have multifaceted relationships and are foundational in the Islamic ethical framework. Therefore, in this research, using a descriptive-analytical method, we turned to the Quran as the primary and most comprehensive source of Islamic education and ethics to contemplate the merits and characteristics of virtues in its text. The Quran addresses various virtues in diverse forms and highlights their fundamental nature using different methods and foundational aspects. Consequently, after clarifying the necessary conditions and criteria for determining the distinguishing criteria of fundamental virtues from other virtues, criteria that can indicate the foundational nature of virtues were discovered and presented from the Quranic text. These criteria include: abundance of its mention, explicit and serious divine demand, prominent feature of Quranic patterns, possession of beneficial effects and consequences, being a goal for Quranic educational programs, emphasis on structure or content, extensive relationship and coexistence with other virtues, antagonistic relationship with vices, succession relationship with other fundamental virtues, and preference for ranking

This article is formulated to address the question of what are the correct methods or methodologies for interpreting management principles from the Quran, and whether it is possible to propose a new and correct method for accessing the serious intention of divine management. So far, various methods have been proposed for extracting, deducing, and interpreting management points and indications among general interpretations and through various approaches. Practical approaches for analyzing managerial verses of the Quran are presented in the form of a managerial perspective on divine verses, and discovering the systems and managerial theories of the Quran, which can be presented in sequential, thematic, interdisciplinary, and comparative methods. In this paper, using a descriptive-analytical method based on the foundation of revelation as a rational and strategic act, and considering the 4-faceted nature of approaches and directions in revealing verses, the terminologies and phrases of the verses and chapters are explained in a devotional-analytical and systemic-network manner. Based on this network, a set of managerial concepts and propositions is formed, and the relationships between concepts and propositions are discovered, ultimately extracting the meanings, purposes, and rationales of managerial verses.

Family and kinship have been the most important and fundamental pillars of human society since the beginning of human existence. The theories that have elucidated the various functions and roles of the kinship system can be categorized into two groups: some theories consider the functions of kinship networks to be diminishing in the contemporary world, while others, such as the esteemed Leader's perspective, believe that the kinship system still plays a significant role. In Islam, instead of "kinship relations," the term "silat al-rahm" (maintaining ties of kinship) is used, and the continuity of kinship relationships is highly valued as a fundamental principle. Kinship relationships have numerous effects on human life in this world and even in the afterlife, as mentioned in religious texts. The aim of this research is to examine the roles of the kinship network in strengthening the family in the thoughts of Imam Khamenei from the perspective of the Quran. The research method is survey-based, and the primary data collection tool is a questionnaire, supplemented by library studies. The statistical population of the research includes heads of families in different areas of Tehran to assess the current status of the functions of the kinship network. To evaluate the various roles of the kinship network, ten research variables have been identified: 1) financial and economic support, 2) household chores, 3) caregiving, 4) marriage and childbirth, 5) social control, 6) participation in important life events, 7) leisure activities, 8) emotional support, 9) community acceptance, and 10) increased political participation. Initially, the current status of the functions of the kinship network in Tehran was assessed, and then the gap between the current situation and the desired situation based on the Quranic perspective of the esteemed Leader was evaluated. The research results indicate that the kinship system still has various functions and roles, but social, cultural, and economic conditions have brought about changes in these roles. Family and kinship relationships should be more aligned with Islamic and Quranic teachings to make the most of the opportunities for strengthening families through kinship ties

The issue of identity-building components for women is one of the fundamental issues in the field of "women from the perspective of the Holy Quran." This position has led to the identification and analysis of these "components" being on the agenda of Muslim scholars for a long time. This article, which was developed using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing library data and the perspectives of some scholars in the fields of "Quran" and "women," seeks to answer the question: What are the identity-building components for women according to the ideological perspective of Imam Khamenei (May His Life Be Prolonged)? The most important result derived from the research conducted in this paper is that from the viewpoint of His Eminence (May His Life Be Prolonged), matters such as having a positive view of the high moral status of women in the existential system, believing in women's diverse God-given abilities, the belief in the equality of women and men in the realm of faith and righteous deeds, the belief in the extraordinary role of women in the emotional sphere of life, and so on, are considered as some of the most important identity-building components for women

In the historical study of life phenomena, defense is recognized as a highly important and prominent phenomenon. This phenomenon emerges in the face of external threats and dangers so that beings can maintain their path of movement and perfection and preserve their survival. Therefore, "defense" is considered a sacred, valuable concept, and one of the pillars of survival. What further enhances the importance and value of this issue is familiarity with the defensive ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei (May His Life Be Prolonged), the esteemed leader of the Islamic Revolution, as His Eminence has expressed their perspective and theory under the concept of "defense" relying on Quranic verses. Accordingly, their view on "defense" is profound and comprehensive. This article, with an exploratory and applied purpose, adopts a qualitative approach. Given the nature of the research, the method of thematic analysis is used for the initial categorization of themes and for the analysis of the emerged themes, an evolutionary method is employed to extract the intellectual framework of His Eminence's thoughts. The research results, while providing clear answers to the questions, present a model consisting of 34 themes under the category of principles and foundations, 58 themes under the category of strategies, and 24 themes under the category of goals in the field of "defense."

Given the significance of classifications in the theory of Islamic humanities, the primary aim of this study is to scrutinize existing classifications of religious sciences and propose a new conceptual classification based on goal-oriented perspectives in religious sciences. The research methodology employed in this paper is classification, serving the main objective of the research. To achieve this, various classifications of religious sciences based on three criteria (comprehensiveness and exclusivity, differentiation of categories, and a unified basis) were examined and critiqued. The findings revealed deficiencies in existing classifications concerning comprehensiveness, having a unified basis for classification, and differentiation of categories. Analysis of the basis of classifications showed that most classifications of religious sciences have centered on methodological discussions as the basis for classification, requiring focused attention and thorough investigation. However, a more fundamental issue in the production of religious sciences is the consideration of the goal and goal-orientation in Islamic humanities. None of the classifications have addressed the examination and categorization of approaches from the perspective of the 'goal and ideal of producing religious sciences.' In light of the critique of existing classification criteria, the criterion of classifying assumptions of religious sciences can be considered as the 'goal and ideal of producing religious sciences.' Therefore, based on this new criterion and using the method of induction, two major approaches in religious sciences, namely the civilization-building approach and the approach independent of civilization, can be proposed as a new classification.

Faith education is the most important aspect of religious upbringing, serving as the foundation for other dimensions of human education. Adolescence is the most challenging and crucial stage of faith education, as it is during this stage that individuals reach levels of intellectual maturity where they consciously and independently choose their beliefs. Therefore, it is essential to consider the specific foundations and principles of adolescent faith education in order to derive an appropriate model for it. This research aims to elucidate the foundations and principles of adolescent faith education from the perspective of Islam. The method employed in this study is qualitative content analysis based on library sources. According to the research conducted, the power of reasoning and thought in adolescents, differences and cognitive changes in adolescents, the innate nature of adolescent theology, adolescent autonomy in belief selection, and the influence of circumstances on adolescents are the most important specific foundations of adolescent faith education. Based on these foundations, the principles of utilizing adolescent reasoning, respecting adolescent differences and varying degrees of faith, the principle of admonition over proof, the principle of refraining from imposing beliefs, and the principle of managing circumstances are the most important principles of adolescent faith education.

Tourism, as an industry, is an important source of income and, at the same time, a social issue and an effective factor in cultural exchanges with a special status. In the reality that Islamic Iran can benefit from its blessings and be one of the important tourist destinations in the region, there is no doubt; however, despite the existing capacities, it is not clear what policy and goal Iranian society should pursue regarding tourism. It seems that for achieving the solution for development and promotion of its status, examining various factors including analyzing Quranic terms is of special importance. In the Quran, there are terms such as "sair," "safar," "siahah," etc., each having a specific meaning and indicating tourism. To this end, Quranic terms were examined using Izutsu's semantic analysis method as theoretical support, and Quranic principles and criteria regarding tourism were extracted and analyzed. Based on the Quran's comprehensive view of humanity, the findings indicate the existence of criteria such as attention to both the material and spiritual aspects of human beings, positive semantic value, universality of travel in terms of audience and time, purposefulness and obligation, individual and collective dimensions, permanence, readiness for travel foundations and destinations, indication of material life, rejection of classist views, defensive readiness, encouragement of learning, learning from lessons, etc. The utilization of these criteria in planning and goal-setting regarding tourism will be an effective solution for its development from the perspective of the Quran.

Nowadays, there are various models for governance and political systems, where the position of education is determined based on the foundations and goals set for that governance. The Quran has also defined various objectives, such as purification, scientific flourishing, justice and fairness, security, etc., for the Islamic government, and achieving these objectives entails certain requirements, with one of the most important being proper education. This article aims to determine the position of education as one of the prerequisites for achieving the goals set by the Quran for governance. Ultimately, it concludes that the position of education in governance is central, and other objectives of governance defined in the Quran either have a preparatory and preliminary role with respect to education or are the effects of education. The purpose of this research is theoretical examination and theorization of an issue that has a significant impact on the effectiveness of the Islamic governance system. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and for the analysis, the method of thematic interpretation has been used. However, to establish a cognitive connection between the humanities and the teachings of the Quran, the method of 'producing humanities with the foundation of Quranic teachings as theoretical postulates' has been employed

The family is the smallest and most fundamental social unit, the well-being of which contributes to the well-being of society as a whole. Therefore, one of the important topics addressed in the Quran is family education. The aim of this research is to examine the perspective of the Quran and its interpretive narrations to find behavioral methods of family education in the relationship between husband and wife. Through these educational methods, spouses guide their family towards happiness and perfection, avoiding conflicts, deviations, and harms. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and based on content analysis. In its execution, principles, methods, and interdisciplinary thematic interpretation guidelines have been utilized. The research results indicate that behavioral methods of family education in the relationship between husband and wife, according to the Quran, can be divided into two categories: constructive methods (methods primarily used to establish or reinforce desirable and commendable qualities and behaviors) such as "exemplary/role-model method" and "commanding the good and forbidding evil", and corrective methods (methods used to eliminate or reduce undesirable behavior or traits, whether outwardly or inwardly) such as "tolerance method" and "deprivation method", extracted from the verses of the Quran.

Humanities compass a set of sceinces aimed at understanding human beings and describing, explaining, and interpreting individual and social phenomena to guide human actions and interactions. These sciences play a significant role in the destiny of individuals and societies. However, the current version of humanities, based on non-divine foundations, has been inadequate in leading humans towards happiness, especially in underperforming Islamic societies. Therefore, there is a necessity for the production of Islamic humanities, especially Quran-based humanities. One of the significant issues worth investigating in this regard is the credibility of these sciences. Examining the viewpoints of prominent figures in this field contributes to the advancement of this area of study and the resolution of its issues. Ayatollah Mesbah-Yazdi (May His Soul Rest In Peace) has devoted four decades to elucidating the foundations of Islamic humanities and presenting a scientific model for their production. Hence, we analyze this matter from his perspective using a descriptive-analytical method to facilitate the pathway for the production of Islamic humanities. The research findings indicate that, in his viewpoint, the Holy Quran possesses the necessary potential for the production of credible humanities. This is because the Quran, as a divine revelation and a valid source of knowledge, is comprehensive, realistic, internally consistent, universal, and eternal. Therefore, the science derived from the Quran in the realm of humanities is considered valid. Consequently, with the proper method of Quranic theorization, a solid foundation of humanities based on the Quran can be established to complement human societies.