نشریه جستارهای سیاسی معاصر
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 50، زمستان 1402)

Administrative losses and losses have been discussed as a part of the administration of affairs and violation of citizen’s rights paying attention to their compensation in adminstrative law has been accepted in the protection of citizen’s rights in many countries and Iran and Iraq are not exempt from this.In the country of Iran and Iraq,following the acceptance of the theory of fault in private law and criminal law,the administrative fault of government employees is dealt with within the framework of the judicial system and does not remain without compensation.The promblem of loss and damage, in the subject of compensation includes two parts,material and moral damage,which is dealt with in the judicial courts of Iran and Iraq in order to protect the rights of citizens,so the laws of the country of Iraq have many similarities with the laws of Iran in this respect,and the trial court with similar similar elements of Iranian law,it is responsible for dealing with administrative violations and compensating for losses caused by administrative actions to respect the rights of citizens.The purpose of this research is to investigate the compensation of the lossess in the protection of citizenship rights.Base on this the main questions of this list what are the basics of compensation for adminstrative losses and the protection of citizen’s rights?Using library resources and descriptive and analytical methods,while answering the above questions,it was stated that the basis of administrative losses is based on the civil responsibility of government employes,which can have in impact on the realization of citizenship rights,and its impact in undeniable

Contemporary developments in Iran began with the entry of foreign forces into the country in the 20s and the rise to power of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. These developments, which were often anti-Islamic in nature, led to the formation of a group of Islamists under the leadership of Nawab Safavi. There are many differences of opinion regarding the formation and collective action of the community of devotees of Islam; Therefore, the present study tries to explain the said problem with the analytical descriptive method and by applying the Sprignes-Tilly analytical model in the theoretical framework and citing library sources. The main question of the research is "what factors caused the formation of the community of devotees of Islam." The hypothesis of the research is that based on Sprignes-Tilly analytical model, Nawab Safavi decided to form a group with the aim of physically removing anti-religious people and promoters of distortion in Islam and mercenaries of the Pahlavi regime due to the feeling of danger towards Islam and the independence of the country. Islamic government was formed.

National identity is one of the important fields that any government can manage in a way by adopting strategic policies and policies, and thus, the tendency of the members of the scientific, academic and student community, to strengthen awareness and knowledge about it; Because the issue of national identity is important for society in different ways. The first important point is that national identity can provide reasons for strengthening solidarity and cohesion in the country. Second, dealing with the challenges of national identity requires taking into account the changes and developments that require knowledge and awareness. Meanwhile, one of the important tools and mechanisms of the government to develop and strengthen the national identity, through the channel of awareness, is the institution of higher education. The university education system in the channel and path of education can transfer the concepts and proper understanding of the challenges and issues of national identity in the changing conditions and the need to adopt a suitable scientific strategy for it. So that, as a result, the grounds for strengthening people's sense of belonging to their national identity through science and knowledge are provided, which ultimately leads to the consolidation of solidarity and social cohesion. Considering the importance of this issue and the complex challenges that have arisen in connection with the national identity, the necessity of using this capacity is felt more and more. The State of the Islamic Republic of Iran is also forced to make better use of higher education in order to train students in order to strengthen their orientation towards their national identity. Considering the fact that a large part of Iran's population is young and in the era of globalization, and the role of this phenomenon in weakening the tendency of many Iranian students towards their national identity, this issue has become more necessary. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical and the findings indicate a change in some orientations towards new challenging situations.

In the process of politicization of ethnic groups in Iran, Baloch is one of the main political ethnic groups in Iran. Balochs, like any other society, have some internal social cleavages that affects the political behavior of this ethnicity. Knowing these distinctions and their political consequences is the purpose of this article. This research was carried out with the approach of political sociology and thematic analysis method, along with the use of library studies and the technique of interviewing ethnic researchers. Results of this research show that among the Baloch in the pre-modern era, divisions related to traditional construction such as "tribal conflicts" and "regional differences" exist. In addition, in the Pahlavi era political divisions caused by the period of transition such as "elite conflict" and "ideological and organizational conflicts" took place. Finally, after the revolution new divisions such as the "gender gap" and "generational gap" along with other factors have influenced the political behavior of the Baloch people. Providing grounds for foreign interference and the presence of the central government, creating obstacles for pursuing ethnic demands, preventing ethnic identity from becoming extreme and fluid, and plural political identity are the political consequences of the social cleavages among the Baloch.

Agrarian reforms as a change in new forms of land ownership and social organization have a special place in understanding the contemporary history of Iran and the Islamic Revolution. In this regard and according to the importance of the years after land reforms and leading to the Islamic revolution, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the economic and political consequences of land reforms with the approach of Karl Polanyi. Through the qualitative analysis of the social developments of the 40s and 50s and with library studies, this research provides a clear answer to the question of how the theoretical framework of Karl Polanyi's Great Transformation can clarify land reforms and its consequences for understanding the social developments of the years leading to the Islamic Revolution of Iran. have given. By examining land reforms and placing them in the context of macroeconomics and society, and by applying Polanyi's theoretical apparatus (Great Transformation), it was determined that these reforms in Iran in the 40s and 50s were not only successful, but also faced political and economic deadlock. The political consequences of the land reforms were the consolidation of the government apparatus of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the closing of the ways of influence of power for other classes and classes, and the economic consequences were the lack of success in productivity and the disruption of the balance of people's living conditions.

One of China's policies to achieve hegemony is to effectively influence international financial institutions and institutions to use their capacity to promote national power. China is the only country that is currently a strategic rival to the United States. Its actions in the international arena in the America are interpreted as a code of conduct in competition with Washington and are therefore opposed. China's accession to the World Trade Organization has become one of the most important areas of competition between China and the United States. The main question is what are the most important divisive factors between China and the America in the World Trade Organization? And this issue in macro strategic competition how does it make sense? The hypothesis of the article has been studied descriptively-analytically, the differences between the America and China in the World Trade Organization include the yuan rate, customs tariffs, monopoly on the electronic payment market, and intellectual property.The two countries are trying to use the capacity of the World Trade Organization to enhance their institutional power, and the success of each of them in the World Trade Organization affects the success or failure of the two in the competition for hegemony.

In this article, based on the social structure presented by Vent in the constructivist approach, the analysis of the formation and expansion of the power axis of the Islamic resistance in the West Asian region has been analyzed. Based on this, the triple infrastructures of semantic, material and interests have been analyzed in relation to the West Asian region in order to understand the role of semantic and identity factors, the material environment and the type of interpretation of its actors and the structure of quadruple interests including ontological security, security Material, development and identification in the formation and expansion of the axis of Islamic resistance with emphasis on the leadership of c. AA evaluated. The author starts compiling this research with the premise that one or more material or semantic factors alone cannot be effective in the formation and expansion of the axis of Islamic resistance. The main question of this research is: From the perspective of structuralism, how did the social structure of the West Asian region play a role in the formation of the expansion of the power axis of the Islamic resistance? This article is written in an analytical-descriptive way.