نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 12 (پیاپی 139، اسفند 1402)

Recycling of materials is one of the most important issues in urban waste management system today. The worn out tires are one of the most important types of solid wastes or solids, because their departure from the cycle of production and consumption means starting a commitment to the environment. Although the longevity of car tires has grown more than before, it is also unrealistic that the roads of different countries are now dominated by more cars. This study aimed to find the factors affecting the development of rubber recycling.

In this paper, the dynamics of the system is used. In this research, articles, library resources and the Internet have been used and based on it, it has been used to draw up causal, inventory and flow charts. Extracting the equations for the relationship between model variables and introducing them into Vensim ple 6.4 software led to simulation of the model; and the behaviors of the important variables of the model were implemented, which was studied in detail in the research.
Fidings: The findings of this study indicate that a combination of factors with mutual impact and effect on rubber recycling affects not all of these factors and their role, the development of rubber recycling will not occur. Thus, the recycling of rubber products are two of the increasing and deterrent factors.

The reuse of the product and the re-production of the product will affect the increase in the recycling of rubber and lead to the expansion of recycling, which, of course, will make sense over time.

In a context where substantial volumes of hospital waste are generated and disposed of daily, the ineffective sanitary disposal of such waste can lead to environmental risks and higher operational expenses. However, hospitals frequently overlook objective criteria when evaluating and selecting waste disposal firms, relying instead on subjective judgment and past experiences. This research proposes a decision-making framework that presents a hybrid model combining multi-criteria decision-making and linear programming. The primary objective of this study is to propose a safe and efficient method for outsourcing disposing of or recycling hospital waste.

This study presents a framework for decision-making in hospital waste disposal, addressing both single and multiple outsourcing scenarios. Firstly, the literature is reviewed to identify the criteria for evaluating waste disposal firms. The DEMATEL method is employed to explore the cause-and-effect relationships among these criteria, selecting the most significant ones and visualizing their causal relationships in a network format. The analytic network process (ANP) method is then utilized to evaluate and choose the most suitable waste disposal firm in a single outsourcing scenario. Additionally, to mitigate the risks associated with single outsourcing, a linear programming model is introduced for multiple outsourcing. This mathematical model determines the optimal allocation of waste quantities to various waste disposal firms, aiming to maximize the overall amount of waste disposed of by these firms.

Fidings: 

The framework introduced in this study was put into practice to assess and choose hospital waste disposal firms in Tehran. Through a comprehensive literature review, 10 evaluation criteria were identified. Among these, the six most influential criteria were selected using the DEMATEL method, and their causal relationships were depicted in a network. The ANP was employed to assign weights to the evaluation criteria and the candidate firms. The evaluation criteria, in descending order of importance, include qualified human resources, recycling and disposal capacity, experience, cost, collection and transportation infrastructure, and waste disposal and recycling technology. Furthermore, a linear programming model was solved using Lingo software to optimize the allocation of waste among the candidate firms.

The decision-making model presented in this article offers advantages to both hospital officials and urban pollution control officials in the context of outsourcing sanitary waste disposal. The outcomes obtained from implementing the proposed framework demonstrate that decision-making based on this model not only benefits hospitals in selecting a suitable firm but also helps to mitigate conflicts of interest and disagreements between hospitals, sanitary waste disposal firms, and urban pollution control officials.

The Zagros Dam watershed in Kermanshah Province is enclosed by the cities of Dalaho, Sarpol Zahab, Islamabad Gharb and Gilan Gharb and has experienced drastic land use changes in the last decade. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in land use using land surface ecology measures, due to the change in Zagros oak forests and data provision, lack of agricultural land, soil erosion and flooding in the area.

Landsat 8 satellite images from 2010 and 2020 were used in this study. After the necessary image pre-processing, educational patterns were identified using false-colour imagery (FCC) and vegetation index (NDVI). Classification was done using 730 training points from agricultural, forest, pasture and residential areas using Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Maximum Likelihood Theory. Land surface measurements were used at two levels of class and landscape, and the changes that occurred in the landscape were quantified. After calculating the changes using the Markov chain, the potential of changes between different land uses was obtained for the year 2030.

According to the results, the area of agricultural land use in 2010 was 23,933.43 hectares, which increased to 25,344.09 hectares in 2020, indicating the dominance of this land use in the changes that occurred. Forest and pasture land use showed a decreasing trend. Field measurements of the land surface also revealed significant changes in the class level and the landscape. The entropy metric of disorder and disturbance at the boundary of natural land uses such as forest and pasture showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2020. The measure of the number of patches (NP) and the measure of continuity (CONTAG) showed that the changes that occurred in the area of the Zagros Dam were towards the fragmentation of the landscape and also towards the reduction of its continuity.

The future trend of land use change will be towards the predominance of agricultural land use and the reduction of natural land use, so it is necessary for the relevant executive bodies to have more control over the destruction of natural land at the edge of agricultural land.

Adverse consequences for industrial development and extensive utilization of natural resources and increasing environmental degradation in recent decades, many of the experts stressed the need to use dynamic capabilities as a mechanism to guide the sustainable development strategies. The purpose of this research is Evaluate strategic capabilities for sustainable product development in accordance with the environment: Case Study of Maroon Oil and Gas Company. This research is developmental in terms of methodology and is combined in terms of data collection type.

In this research, in the qualitative section, based on meta-analysis processes, an attempt was made to first determine the research related to the field of research and then to determine the components of the research. Also in the qualitative part, Delphi analysis was used to determine the extent of theoretical consensus. Interpretive ranking analysis (IRP) was used to conduct a quantitative part of the research.

The results of the research in the qualitative part indicate the existence of 8 sub-components of strategic capabilities for the sustainable development of products in accordance with the environment, which were confirmed in two stages of Delphi analysis, the theoretical consensus. On the other hand, the results in a small part indicate the determination of the component of strategic capability of sustainable economic development as the most effective strategic capability for sustainable development of environmentally friendly products in Maroon Oil and Gas Exploitation Company.

The result means that in order to produce green products, the most important strategic function in sustainable development is to pay attention to the economic nature of producing products that are environmentally friendly in this way, it can have the necessary competitive advantage to achieve sustainable development.

Species composition are affected by disease outbreaks, pest outbreaks, and harvesting. In the Hyrcanian forests, alder brown leaf beetle is among the most common biological disturbances, which along with timber harvesting can alter its species composition. The present study aimed to simulate the species composition of the Hyrcanian forest at stand level under the mentioned natural and anthropogenic disturbances.

Using random-systematic sampling with a circular plot within a 200*200 grid, 667 plots (1000 m2) were sampled for evaluating the current state. A LANDIS-II landscape change model was used to simulate the study area under different scenarios for 5-years’ time periods over 100 years.

By accelerating the removal of pure hornbeam stands from the landscape, biological disturbance is likely to increase the mixture of tree composition by allowing Carpinus-Diospyros and Carpinus-Parrotia to replace them. Similarly, tree harvesting will also create the same situation by establishing mixed broadleaf and Alnus-Carpinus forest types. In the presence of biological disturbance and tree harvesting, diversity peaked so that the highest mixture stands were produced by scenario of alder brown leaf beetle in the presence of tree harvesting.

When biological disturbance occur, Caucasian alder species that host this pest can be preserved by implementing appropriate harvest management techniques and creating a more mixed forest ecosystem.

Awareness of the condition of soils in forest areas and the study of the effects of various activities on soil properties is very important and effective in forest management. Soil properties change under the influence of various environmental factors such as altitude. The aim of this study was to investigate soil indices at altitudes of 400 to 1700 meters above sea level in a series of Benshaki forest area in Ramsar city in Mazandaran province.

For sampling soil variables in each altitude floor, 3 sample plots of 400 square meters at intervals of 100 meters from each other were identified.

Soil samples were taken from 0-10 and 10-30 cm depths. Soil properties measured include sand content, clay content, nitrogen content, potassium content, carbon and organic matter content and soil pH.

The result of this study showed that the effect of altitude on soil characteristics (percentage of sand, percentage of clay, percentage of nitrogen, potassium, percentage of carbon and organic matter and soil pH) is significant in different altitude classes (P ˂).

Urban spaces play a unique role in meeting the social and individual needs of children. In this regard, given that children are considered the creators of the next generations; proper p planning and design of the urban environment suitable for children's lives is very important in moving the human society towards a healthy and desirable society. For this purpose, the present study was written with the aim of identifying the influential components on management and planning of a safe urban environment with emphasis on the child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and exploratory in nature, and data analysis has been done using Delphi method (15 elites and managers) and application of cross-impact analysis technique in Micmac software.

The findings show that the most effective among the investigated components in the direction of safe urban environment management and planning with emphasis on the child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis is related to components of rules of respect for children's views (application and integration of children's views in urban planning and design in terms of various physical, mental and behavioral aspects), the right to life and maximum child development (suitable legal measures to reduce urban pollution) and environmental quality (suitability of sidewalks and streets for use by children).

Considering the current situation and the lack of key and strategic components affecting on development of system, the future of management and planning of a safe urban environment with emphasis on the approach of child-friendly city will be undesirable in Tehran metropolis.
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One of the basic human needs is social interaction, and providing a suitable platform to meet this basic need, certainly requires the existence of a physical base. Passages as an urban spaces, play a significant role in responding to this dimension of human life in urban communities through attracting different kind of people, they will be able to creating people-oriented spaces. Kuti Passage in Bushehr, like many others in the historical cities of the country, was once a center of interactions and gatherings of the residents, which over time, was disorganized and they were abandoned and lost their efficiency as part of urban space.

Therefore, in this study, using previous literature review, we first extracted social factors affecting the presence of people in urban spaces to design our questionnaire. In the next step, we distributed 487 questionnaire in the Kuti paasage to assess users' opinions in this regard. We then used SPSS software for analyzing collected data through factor analysis, Pearson test and Variance.

Among the 24 variables measured in the questionnaire, 6 key factors affecting the promotion of people-oriented spaces were identified which include social interactions, place attachment, sense of security, aesthetic appeal, sense of belonging and place identity. Our results show that these factors have strong correlation and also direct influence on our dependent variable.

By considering policies that can help to promote each of these six factors in management, planning and redesigning this passage, we can regenerate its former neglected identity.