نشریه مدیریت دانش سازمانی
پیاپی 24 (بهار 1403)

Theory is defined as a coherent summary and wise and logical statement resulting from thinking, observations or experienced phenomena. Scientific theories are the most reliable, accurate and comprehensive parts of scientific knowledge. The difference between scientific theories and scientific hypotheses is that scientific hypotheses are the result of a logical guess related to a testable and limited experimental phenomenon. And although they are scientific and powerful, they do not provide a comprehensive and subjective explanation. Also, the difference between scientific theory and scientific law is that scientific laws provide limited and not comprehensive descriptive accounts of how nature and divine creatures behave in certain situations (such as the law of gravity). Therefore, a scientific theory consists of one or more hypotheses that are supported by repeated experiments. Although the existing proven scientific theories are not invalidated, they are falsifiable; It means that the way to refute them is always open and one can try to extract new hypotheses from the theories, and by testing those hypotheses, partially disprove that theory. Scientific theory is the best scientific explanation of a phenomenon in the present time, which all evidences and hypotheses confirm its correctness; and if new evidence is discovered in the future that doesn't agree with the scientific theory, that theory needs to evolve or improve and is never completely disproved; Because in its time, it explains a wide range of evidence. Therefore, it can be said that a theory is a set of propositions that are explained by a scientific and logical method and are based on certain foundations, whether it is normative or descriptive; Therefore, without foundations, without reasoning and without creativity and guess[1], theory cannot be achieved. Theorizing is a process and does not happen instantly. There are six important categories in the theorizing process that should be considered: method; 2. Technique[1]; 3. approach [2]; 4. Paradigm; 5. Doctrine; 6. School[3]. The process of theorizing is manageable and even structured, but many factors play a role in achieving the theory. Maybe the result of this process and theory production is not necessarily manageable, but theorizing can be managed. Using theorizing approaches is a good way to create better images of the complex phenomenon of the organization. (Khosrupanah, 1402) Based on the scientific analysis, the central phenomenon in the weakness of indigenous theorizing, especially in the humanities and social sciences of Iran, is "the foundation of an unproductive scientific system". The background conditions of which are the quantitative and research-oriented educational system, the weakness of need-oriented scientific research, the underdevelopment of scientific polarizations, and the historical foundations of non-thinking. This issue has finally led to consequences such as the gap between technical knowledge and social knowledge, the deepening of dependence/scientific consumerism, and the marginalization of scientific authority in Iran's educational system (Qandaghi, & Qasemi Nezhad, 2023). One of the main missions of teachers of organizational knowledge management science is to conduct research that adds knowledge to this scientific field on the one hand, and on the other hand, use it in practice and as a profession. To do this, we need to design our research in such a way that they give a proper understanding of the practical issues in that profession. We need to develop our skills in developing good theories so that the research done will increase our knowledge about the field and profession of organizational knowledge management. From the perspective of organizational knowledge management, it is a misconception to think that newer theories will replace older ones. In organizational theory, views accumulate and influence each other over time. Because organization theorists accept more and more ideas that are presented in this field of study with the passage of time.

The current research is aimed at achieving a model for managing experiences and tacit knowledge by emphasizing the statements of Imam Khamenei as one of the main directional factors in the macro issue of knowledge management in the country. In terms of philosophy and philosophical paradigm, this research was formed in the field of interpretive research and based on the interpretation of qualitative data, and thematic analysis methodology and Atlas 23 software were used to analyze the qualitative data. In order to obtain the unit of analysis, after searching for the keywords of experience, experiences, experiences, experienced, lesson, historical memory, 253 units of meaning were identified in the published and accessible statements of Imam Khamenei. Based on the findings of the research, 102 basic themes, 16 organizing themes and 4 overarching themes include: individual experiences, organizational experiences, national experiences, global experiences, thematic experiences, acquiring and documenting experiences, analyzing and updating experiences, transforming experiences, sharing experiences, support and culture building, use of experiences, conditions of using experiences, internal barriers, external barriers, results of using experiences and macro consequences were extracted. In the end, the network of drawing themes and basic, organizing and comprehensive themes in the field of experience management was presented.

The recent economic developments have led to fundamental changes in the business landscape, especially in terms of the level of competition for emerging enterprises, pushing them towards instability and failure. In response to this unstable environment, entrepreneurial businesses have evolved based on knowledge-centric ideas, seeking to address market gaps through the discovery of a replicable and scalable business model. Due to the knowledge-centric nature of these businesses, they consciously or unconsciously implement aspects of knowledge management processes, necessitating the identification and organization of their knowledge capital as a crucial first step. In this context, this study aims to explore a model for knowledge differentiation in Iranian entrepreneurial companies. The study adopts a developmental objective, an exploratory approach, interpretivism philosophy, and utilizes qualitative content analysis as its analytical strategy. The study population consists of experts in the field of knowledge management and active individuals in Iranian entrepreneurial companies. These individuals, familiar with the working conditions of these companies, expressed their opinions on the research topic through semi-structured interviews. The interview process began and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Participants were purposefully selected using the targeted sampling method, and after conducting 10 interviews, data saturation was reached. Following the interviews, the results were implemented, and descriptive content analysis using the maxqda software was employed. After content analysis, 41 different dimensions were extracted. Upon theoretical examination, appropriate names for the extracted dimensions were selected. The researcher, relying on prior knowledge and modeling processes from similar models, categorized the dimensions into 9 main processes of knowledge differentiation. By creating a logical sequence, the researcher innovatively devised a knowledge differentiation process model for Iranian entrepreneurial companies.

One of the main concerns of marketers is consumers' doubt or lack of confidence in the information provided in advertisements. This doubt and uncertainty originates from customers' persuasive knowledge, which means consumers' knowledge and awareness of marketing efforts and goals and marketers' persuasion process. Therefore, the management of persuasive knowledge of customers by creating a positive mentality and attitude of consumers, has caused the doubts of customers to be resolved and their concerns related to the uncertainty and ambiguities of product advertisements are resolved. Therefore, the management of persuasive knowledge of customers by creating a positive mindset and attitude of consumers, removes the doubts of customers and solves their concerns related to the uncertainty and ambiguities of product advertisements. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing a persuasive knowledge management model of customers using the fuzzy TISM method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research is the experts who consist of marketing managers of companies producing green products and university professors, 30 of them were considered as the research sample using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. The data collection tool is an interview in the qualitative part and a questionnaire in the quantitative part, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed using the content method and theoretical validity and inter-coder and inter-coder reliability. In this research, content analysis and coding with Atlas-T software were used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. Also, the fuzzy TISM method has been used for quantitative analysis. The results of the research include presenting the model of customer persuasive knowledge management in the four axes of the foundations of customer persuasive knowledge management, the dimensions of customer persuasive knowledge management, the methods of managing customer persuasive knowledge and its consequences. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that the management of persuasive knowledge of customers creates positive behavioral responses and turns customers into brand ambassadors, confronts the phenomenon of substitution and creates customer loyalty and creating a positive evaluation of the brand and its products and reducing the doubts and paranoia of customers.

The present study examines the effect of ethical leadership on knowledge concealment by explaining the mediating role of relational social capital and instrumental thinking. This research is among quantitative research and also has a comparative approach in terms of research philosophy. The statistical population of the research is 360 employees of Lorestan University, considering that the size of the statistical population is limited and specific, Morgan's formula was used to determine the sample size, and at the level of 95% of the sample volume, 182 people were determined and selected by available sampling method. In this research, the standard questionnaire of Hong et al. (2019), Kabiz (2004), Kalshon et al. (2011), Connelly et al. (2011) was used whose validity and reliability have been confirmed using the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha. In this research, structural equation modeling approach and SPSS and PLS software were used to investigate and test the hypotheses. The findings showed that ethical leadership has a negative and significant effect on knowledge concealment. Also, ethical leadership has a positive and significant effect on relational social capital and a negative and significant effect on instrumental thinking. The research results show that relational social capital and instrumental thinking play a mediating role in the effect of ethical leadership on knowledge concealment.

The creation of a free trade zone plays an important role in the circulation of exports, economic growth and employment, but financial, managerial and economic reasons have caused that there has been no serious movement to achieve the goals and some of the desired goals have not been realized. This research has been done with the aim of designing a policy package of marketing knowledge in free trade zones based on the tacit knowledge of experts using metacombination method. This research is qualitative and inductive in nature with a survey strategy that uses the interview technique. In the meta-composition method, the books, documents and research articles of the investigated community, which entered the meta-composition process after several stages of screening, 21 components were identified as the most important codes that played an essential role in the creation of marketing policies of free trade zones. A policy package that includes the main (mother) policies and supporting policies in three categories of barriers, enablers and facilitators has been presented. The marketing programs of the free trade zones are made through increasing the integrations according to the parent policies and supporting policies

The role of organizational knowledge in the economic development of countries and the creation of added value, especially in developing countries, has been the focus of development-oriented economists and politicians. In this view, knowledge-based industries and new technologies, as well as the growth of knowledge-based companies, are very important. Technological learning is one of the important topics for developing innovation and improving the business performance of these companies. The purpose of this research is to provide an integrated model for improving the business performance of knowledge-based nanotechnology companies based on technological learning modes. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, in terms of data collection method, it is a correlational description and in terms of data type, it is a quantitative research. Structural equation modeling and partial least squares method and SPSS and SMART PLS software were used for data analysis. Using appropriate techniques, the reliability and validity of the structures were measured and confirmed. The results of the model in the standard estimation mode showed that the direction and intensity of the relationship between all the variables were acceptable and the model had appropriate validity. The findings of this research confirmed the existence of a positive and significance relationship between different modes of technological learning, innovation and commercial performance of nanotechnology companies. Also, the experience-based learning mode has a greater impact on the innovation and business performance of these companies than the science-based learning mode, and external drivers have a greater impact on the technological learning modes of nanotechnology companies than internal drivers.