فصلنامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 104، زمستان 1402)

The purpose of current research is to identify technical risks and threats to copyright protection of information resources in the systems examined in order to prevent the infringement of the rights of creators of information resources by identifying technical risks.

Current research is applied, and a qualitative approach was used to collect needed data. In the qualitative approach, according to the purpose and problem of the research, methods of documentary analysis, thematic analysis and Fuzzy Delphi were used. 11 specialists and experts participated in the Delphi panel and 6 experts for interview; and 7 information systems in the National Library were selected as research community. In data analysis, MAXQDA and Tableau software were used.

Using the thematic analysis method, 17 indicators were obtained in 8 components related to technological threats to copyright protection in the systems studied. Following confirmation and finalization of the checklist using the Fuzzy Delphi method, 16 indicators in 7 components related to technical risks were approved by experts.Deliberate employee sabotage, weak server resources, miscellaneous malware such as viruses, worms, etc., not having back up the main program, not having a mirror website (network security); Loss of equipment and infrastructure support (such as inability to develop software or loss of software support team); The weakness of DRM in duplication and long-term protection of works, the lack of DRM software in the systems, Lack of updated systems and problems in the construction of storage space (technical infrastructure); Use of clear watermark (copy control); URL tampering (digital protection); Not using authentication for all content sections and pages (authentication); Not define the copyright policy in the digitization process (rights metadata); Lack of quality control of digital content and lack of attention to the stages of digital object preparation (digitalization process) are among the effective technical threats in the studied systems. After identifying the indicators, in May 2023, the systems were evaluated from the perspective of technical risks to protect the copyright of information sources. The studied systems were placed in two groups, digital and bibliographic, according to the type of activity, their structure and function. The Digital Library system, Iranian Newspaper System (SANA) and Iranian Scientific Publications System are included in the digital category. Other systems, i.e., National libraries network, National document center network, Iran Publications database, Manuscript database are included in the bibliographic category. Bibliographic systems only provide bibliographic information and are considered a type of database. In general, the findings showed that none of the 16 technical risk indicators have been observed in the studied systems.

Paying attention to technical considerations to protect the copyright of information sources in the systems can be described as the basis of the development and expansion of the systems in the libraries.

In recent years, electronic reading and the use of e-reader applications have expanded. The purpose of this research is to identify the influencing factors on users' continuous use of e-reader applications. For this purpose, the proposed hybrid model based on the Theory of Expectation-Confirmation, Davis's Technology Acceptance Model, and Perceived Playfulness Theory have been used.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and survey type. The research population includes students who use e- reader applications (Taqcheh, Fidibo, Ketab Rah, and Ketab Sabz). Among them, 300 active users of the mentioned readers were selected as the statistical sample of the research. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. This questionnaire is taken from a research in English, which was translated into Persian by the authors of this article. Therefore, in order to ensure the clarity of the questions and the correctness of the translation, its validity and ending were re-evaluated by the authors. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of 5 experts and managers of e-reader programs as well as professors of information science who have scientific publications in the field of technology acceptance were obtained and applied. Next, to measure the reliability, a preliminary study was conducted with the participation of 30 people from the research community and the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, and the value of 0.908 (9.08%) showed that the measurement tool has a suitable and desirable reliability. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling method. For data analysis, use SPSS Version 25 and Amos version 22 were used.

The research findings showed that the personalization of e-reader applications has a significant effect on the perceived usefulness of users. Also, the personalization of e-reader applications has an effect on the Perceived Playfulness of users. Among other findings of this research, we can mention the significant effect of usefulness and Playfulness of e-reader applications on user satisfaction. The effect of user satisfaction on the use of e-reader applications was also reported to be significant. According to the mentioned cases, all the hypotheses of this research were confirmed.

Although more than a decade has passed since the emergence and use of electronic readers in the world, the use of this technology in Iran has been growing gradually in recent years. According to the results of this research and considering the competition of manufacturing companies, manufacturers are expected to consider aspects of personalization, playfulness, usefulness, and user satisfaction in designing e-reader applications. In this regard, a detailed study of the users of e-reader applications with an emphasis on age, gender, education and occupation, as well as knowing their reading needs, can help managers to know more about the design of user-friendly applications and make users continue to use them.

Ambiguity arises when more than one meaning and concept can be understood from a word, phrase or sentence. Since it seems necessary to understand this by the information retrieval system in order to increase the accuracy of the information retrieval system and increase the retrieval of related resources, the present research aims to identify the ambiguous and disambiguating factors through a systematic review of studies. It has been done in Iran.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of approach, qualitative and in terms of information gathering method, systematic review using PRISMA standard. The statistical population includes journal articles, conferences, and dissertations indexed in Iranian databases, including: Magiran, Noormags, Shiraz Regional Center for Science and Technology, Civilica, and Academic Jihad Center (SID) and Scientific Information of Iran (treasure). 175 scientific sources and 138 scientific sources were excluded based on the output criteria and 37 scientific sources were selected based on the input criteria. Input criteria: focusing on the studies conducted on the subject of ambiguity and disambiguation, in the fields of linguistics, information technology, artificial intelligence, computer and information science, and epistemology, scientific sources published in Persian language, without publication time limits, review articles, Scientific research, master's and doctorate theses and national and international conference papers held inside Iran. Output criteria: studies carried out except for ambiguity and disambiguation, non-Persian language scientific sources, books, reports, editorials, abstract writings and short articles (less than 5 pages)

The results show that the main topic of interest in this research was "ambiguity of the meaning of words" (53%) and "disambiguation of words" (44%) and the least topics of ambiguity in machine translation (21%) and disambiguation through ontology (5 percent). The most research methods with the "neural network" approach (22 percent) and the least research methods used were content analysis, methodology and machine learning (5 percent), the largest number of sources related to the articles of conferences and national conferences and was international (48 percent) and the least were master theses and doctoral dissertations (5 percent). Computer and linguistics fields (27 percent) have had the most scientific productions in this regard, and information science and epistemology fields (9 percent) have had the lowest productions.

The present research is considered innovative in the sense that it deals with the issue of ambiguity and disambiguation in information retrieval with a systematic review approach. Its findings indicate that most Iranian researches were focused on disambiguation, which were mostly presented in national and international conferences and meetings. The topic of ambiguity and disambiguation is more important in the fields of computer science and linguistics, and the fields of information science and epistemology have not dealt with it. The semantic ambiguity of words and, by nature, the disambiguation of words has been the concern of format in Iranian researches. Ontology as a new approach to disambiguation has received less attention.

The purpose of the present study was to know the accessibility of library websites based on the extracted indices of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and the usability of these websites based on the experiences of visually impaired users.

The current research was applied in an evaluative way with a checklist tool and a formal usability test. In this research, library websites were first evaluated based on the 2018 edition of the W3C accessibility index checklist, and then through exploratory observation of visually impaired users and a formal usability test by defining real tasks (3 tasks) in library websites, the accessibility status and their usability was evaluated. In this research, the user interfaces (digital library, OPAC and virtual reference) of the National Library and Archives of Iran; Organization of Libraries, Museums and Documents Center of Astan Quds Razavi; Library, Museum and Document Center Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Central Library and Document Center of Tehran University were studied as prominent libraries in the country. The research population was 33 visually impaired users who were selected from different provinces of the country using a targeted sampling method. Empirical data (i.e. successful task completion, working time, satisfaction level) were collected using a questionnaire and with the help of a formal usability test. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The reliability and validity was confirmed with Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Content validity.

The findings showed that the websites are accessible to a large extent based on the extracted indices of W3C, but they are not easy to use. In the current research, the most time was devoted to using OPAC to search for resources. Of course, few users could navigate library websites without help. Despite some guidance, some users were unsuccessful in completing the assigned task. The feedback received from users about the dimensions of usability of library websites showed that some users rated the ease of use of library websites as optimal (4/39) and others said it was inappropriate (3/27). About one-third of users were dissatisfied with their performance in using library websites and rated the time spent on task progress as unfavorable.

Vision-oriented design and complex structures make library information retrieval systems unusable for information seekers with visual impairment. In order to design accessible and usable websites, data from the real feeling of users about library information retrieval systems is necessary. The final results indicate that with the usability test, it is possible to solve the created usability problems, and the output of this work leads to better user interaction and improvement of the user interface.

The purpose of this study is to design a conceptual model for the application of semantic-social technology in digital libraries in Iran.

This applied research was conducted using Delphi and analytical survey methods. The tool used was a researcher-made questionnaire, which included three parts: the structure of semantic-social technology architecture, semantic-social technology tools, and the function of semantic-social technology. Descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling and partial least squares modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyze the statistical data.

In the final research model, most items had a high factor loading and in the main components of the research, including the architecture structure of semantic-social technology, tools of semantic-social technology and the function of semantic-social technology, important items from the perspective of the research community were identified. Accordingly, in the architectural structure of semantic-social technology, the use of RDF schema to describe and describe RDF-based resources, the use of SIOC technology to link blogs, forums and mailing lists had the highest factor loading. Also, in the part of semantic-social technology tools, in the final conceptual model research, video mashups and map mashups had a higher factor loading than others. In the functional part of semantic-social technology, using the URL standard to identify and locate a resource in digital libraries and retrieval function, using RDF tools and using Sub and Super techniques between concepts to retrieve information faster has the highest factor loading. Moreover, in the parts of data and resources and content, the use of RDF tools to exploit multimedia and non-textual resources due to the diversity of available information and in the function of organization and storage, the use of ontology to manage digital resources had higher factor loading. In addition, in the interaction function, the items of communication between the chain of information producers, collectors and users through social semantic web tools had the highest amount of factor loading.

Concusion: 

Considering the results obtained in the proposed model of this research and the items that have gained a high factor loading in the proposed conceptual model, shows that in semantic-social technology in digital library software, what makes this technology progress and success is the correct creation of digital library software. The basis of digital library standards, attention to the XML markup language, Dublin Core, etc. and its integration with semantic tools such as Web 2.0, hashtags and folksonomy, metadata, etc. in line with social technologies such as social networks, mashups, etc.

In spite that Iran's law has undergone changes throughout the history, its connection with jurisprudence is as strong as in the past, as it refers to jurisprudential rules in searching and processing legal rules. Due to the fact that voluntary activities in libraries are new topics, therefore, in the legal examination of it, the mentioned rules will definitely be referred to, but how to apply these rules in legal examinations in general and in the examination of voluntary activities in libraries in particular, has not been studied so far. The present research tries to show that jurisprudence rules can be used in legal examination only with a certain framework.

The required data was collected using the library method and analysis with jurisprudential and legal logic and balanced use of rational perceptions. The scope of legal studies is limited to Iranian law and the scope of jurisprudence studies is limited to Imami jurisprudence.

The activity of the "rule of beneficence", was concluded that voluntarily activities in libraries means that a person who undertakes such an activity cannot be blamed for the results of these activities, since his work is beneficial. The "rules of action" indicates that since the person has denied the right of receiving salary with his own will, the library will not be responsible for the denial of salary entitlement.

Application of the two mentioned rules in the legal review is not absolute and includes religious and rational framework. Its religious framework is derived from the relevant rational that if these two rules cause harm, they are not attributed to the religious legislator. The rational framework is the result of rational perception that does not allow the application of these two rules to have unfair results. Therefore, it cannot be considered responsible for a person conducting voluntary activity in one hand and the library organization on the other hand in the legal review of voluntary activity in Iranian libraries, referring to the above jurisprudential rules. The lack of a framework for jurisprudential rules in their legal use, especially in new matters such as voluntary activities in Iranian libraries, causes their implementation without any restrictions, while this application and lack of restrictions may not be intended by the Sharia and customary legislators. It is not intended by the parties for voluntary activities in libraries and may cause violation of Sharia, moral, human and rational principles. If the mentioned framework is taken into consideration, we will not have any shari'a and moral inconsistency in the use of jurisprudential rules in legal review. Iranian law researchers believe that all dimensions of jurisprudential rules are predetermined and no longer require research. But the fact that, this is not the case, and an important matter such as how to use them and their frameworks has not been researched so far. The present research is the first research regarding the application of jurisprudential rules in Iran's legal reviews and the legal review of voluntary activities in Iranian libraries. Therefore, the continuation of research in this direction is strongly suggested.

Considering the importance of small businesses in the economy and the role and extent of public libraries in providing services, this research was conducted to design a model and examine the level of readiness of public libraries in Khouzestan province in facilitating and developing small businesses.

This research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of the method of data collection, it is a survey-type descriptive research, and in terms of the nature of the data, it is an exploratory-type mixed study, which was carried out with the thematic analysis technique. In the qualitative section, factors were first identified using snowball sampling and conducting 14 interviews. The validity of these factors was confirmed with the content validity ratio (CVR) index and their qualitative reliability was confirmed through Felice's Kappa coefficient test. In the quantitative part, a questionnaire consisting of extracted qualitative factors was distributed among 173 public library librarians in Khuzestan province. Then, using the SWOT matrix analysis model, the factors were categorized into two internal categories (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats).

This research shows results in 4 dimensions of internal factors including "resources and services", "manpower", "marketing and advertising" and "technology and space"; and 4 dimensions of external factors including "laws and regulations", "management attitudes", "training" and "communications and interactions". From the total of 17 components that were examined in 4 dimensions of internal factors, 1 strength point and 9 weakness points were observed, and the remaining 7 factors were in an average situation, which gives an average of 2.389. On the other hand, the public libraries of Khuzestan province are faced with 2 opportunities and 9 threats out of 19 investigated factors in 4 dimensions of external factors and the other 8 factors have an average status and an average of 2.482 for external factors. It turns out that the situation is relatively favorable, and the overall average obtained for all components and dimensions under investigation is 2.438, which indicates a relatively favorable situation.

Small businesses can use the services of public libraries to start and develop. However, the public libraries of Khuzestan are in relatively favorable conditions to support and facilitate small businesses. For this reason, to support these businesses, first and foremost, this should become part of the mission and goal of Khuzestan public libraries. If business support becomes part of the value system and mission of public libraries, a dynamic and business-supporting library may be created in that system and mission.

There are so many names to refer to the discipline that investigates alternative futures. futures studies, foresight, futures literacy, futures thinking, anticipation, futurism, futurology, and many others. Future studies that can also be referred to as future science seeks to analyze resources, models, and reasons of a subject's change or stability in order to develop and expand the scope of foresight, and consider different options and possibilities. Also, futures study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews that underlie them. It can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and parallel to the field of history. Futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social, technological advancement, and other environmental trends. This research aims to future-studying in public libraries and its role in their development and progress with an emphasis on the libraries covered by Iran Public Libraries Foundation.

It is among future research methods, scenario planning, road map, Landscape, modeling, simulation and Delphi. The method of research in this research is surveying and descriptive using interview and questionnaire through Delphi approach. A questionnaire was first used to collect data, and then face-to-face interviews were used with 11 people for some issues and to complete the opinions. The questionnaire was distributed among the statistical population of the research in three periods. Regarding determining the validity of the research tool, the problems in the questionnaire were identified and resolved by using the opinion of a number of experts in the field of information science. Sampling was done based on the structure of the Delphi method and data analysis was done. The reliability of the research tool was determined by Cronbach's alpha test at 0.810.

Using the gained results from interviewee's findings, a series of elements which are effective on library and especially development are extracted such as: internet, digitalization, updating the library system, using librarians and experts, economic conditions, virtual reference services, serials and open access, Mass media and social networks, and Mobile phone technology. The experts believed that the presence of librarians, both now and in the future, is important and that professional librarians should also be used.

By analyzing technological evolutions in libraries, we conclude that in future libraries, materials and informational contents in library are going toward decreasing the volume and weight. From consequence of interviewees' ideas as well as variation trend in type of libraries' resources, it can be predicted that paper resources will remain persistent beside electronic resources and each of the resources will keep its own certain users. Mostly, in this period, printed or digital resources will coexist and the libraries will be conducted based on two-type materials. For comprehensive development in public libraries, it is necessary to pay attention to all the mentioned components.

This research aimed to measure the dependence and independence of documents in an Ego-centered citation network to evaluate the quality of scientific outputs in two subject areas "aerospace engineering" and "nuclear technology."

The present study is applied research and belongs to the category of scientometrics research. In the first step, the required data for creating ego-centric citation networks were extracted and stored from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) through web scraping (automated data extraction from websites) using the Mimfa Scraper (a software for automated data extraction) and the JavaScript programming language. Afterward, algorithm coding was performed in the MiMFa RAVAR DataLab, and the programming language C# was utilized to answer the research question.

The research findings showed that the study conducted by Allison (2016) with 1535 citations is the most cited document in the field of nuclear technology and ranks first in terms of absolute dependence index. In comparison to the number of references in Allison's paper, 80 percent of the alters in Li's research (2018), the second most cited paper in terms of the absolute dependence index (512 citations), cited ego-related references (58 references); however, this percentage is 46 percent in Allison's paper. A study conducted by Shin has obtained the highest absolute independence index (2015 citations) compared to other highly cited articles in the field of nuclear technology. Leppanen's study (2015) ranks first in terms of the relative independence index with a score of 98 percent compared to other highly cited documents in the field of nuclear technology. Ricker (2015), along with 57 co-authors, has the highest number of citations (1542 citations) in aerospace engineering. Among these citations, 647 alters have cited the documents cited by the ego and obtained the highest absolute dependence index score. Wang's research (2020), with 52 citations, is the first paper to rank the relative independence index in the field of aerospace engineering.

The results indicate that the level of relative dependence was higher than independence in both subject areas. Moreover, as the number of citations increases, both absolute dependence and independence increase; however, relative dependence decreases. Additionally, in recent years, the absolute dependence and independence indices have lower values than older years. However, the relative dependence index positively correlates with the year of publication. Moreover, the relative independence index positively correlates with the number of citations; its value has increased in recent years and the number of ego sources does not directly correlate with the increase in the dependence index.

Today, the importance of the health and productivity of organizational employees is undeniable. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the impact of exercise activities combined with gamification on increasing motivation for participation in sports classes among public library staff in Tehran Province.

The research hypotheses were assessed using a semi-experimental method and covariance analysis with a 95 percent confidence level. After eliminating the impact of the pre-test variable and considering the calculated F coefficient, a noteworthy distinction in the adjusted averages of preparedness dimension scores emerged in the post-test phase among members of the "proof and test" group (P>0.05). Consequently, based on the findings derived from the data analysis, it can be inferred that the integration of sports exercises with gamification significantly influences the motivation, success, preparedness, energy levels, and group orientation of public library employees. The impact on each of these aspects is in the order of 25, 12, 24, 29 and 35 percent, respectively, resulting in a modification of the total variance of these components.

The research hypotheses were assessed using a semi-experimental method and covariance analysis with a 95 percent confidence level. After eliminating the impact of the pre-test variable and considering the calculated F coefficient, a noteworthy distinction in the adjusted averages of preparedness dimension scores emerged in the post-test phase among members of the "proof and test" group (P>0.05). Consequently, based on the findings derived from the data analysis, it can be inferred that the integration of sports exercises with gamification significantly influences the motivation, success, preparedness, energy levels, and group orientation of public library employees. The impact on each of these aspects is in the order of 25, 12, 24, 29 and 35 percent, respectively, resulting in a modification of the total variance of these components.

According to the results obtained from the research, it can be concluded that the integration of sports exercises with gamification in the sports classes of public libraries in Tehran province has a significant positive effect on motivation, success, preparedness, energy discharge, and group orientation. This combination not only increases the motivation for sports participation and increases coordination and cooperation in teams, but also contributes to organizational success by improving the personal performance of individuals. Promoting sports activities through gamification encourages employees to participate more actively in sports classes. As a result, gamification along with sports exercises in public libraries in Tehran province can significantly improve various aspects of job productivity and thus this combination can be used as a comprehensive strategy to improve physical, mental, and organizational conditions.

This article tries to analyze the changes of Waqfs while presenting a clear description of the Waqfs of Astan in Qajar, identifying the peak points of Waqfs and its influential components.

It has used social history and some theoretical approaches, descriptive-analytical historical method, and interviews.

The annual average of immovable Waqfs in Qajar is about one and a half pieces. The most frequent are as follows: Special expenses are 73 percent and 17.66 percent for Khodam, 36.62 percent of cases are farms. 69.52 percent is located in Khorasan. 45 percent of the donors of this age belong to the upper middle class. 35 percent have left the responsibility to Astan and 62 percent have not appointed a supervisor. The annual average of Waqfs during the times when one person was the Custodians and governor was 3.88, pieces While for the years when he was only a Custodians, it was 1.31. In twenty-five years, in line with 27 percent of the total actions of the Custodians, about half of the Waqfs have been established. In addition, the character of six of the Custodians was evaluated as positive, two as average and two as weak. Compared to two decades of waqf decline in which the actions of the Custodians accounted for 15 percent of the total actions, the character of four Custodians was evaluated as positive and four as weak. 84 percent of the years of the Nasseri period were stable, the highest waqf amount with an annual average of 2.7 percent is related to this period and the change in the majority of the transfer of Custodians in favor of Astan is also from the Nasseri age.

Having social status, to be evaluated positively, the action of the king that leads to religious trust, Social stability and organizational order of Astan, the social position and performance of the Custodians, who have social reflection and the ability to gain trust, have had positive impact on the developments of Waqf. In other words, if the governor or Custodians has a reliable, powerful personality and has a high social identity, while having executive experience, it was more effective in attracting and maintaining Waqfs. In the cities that have the highest amount of endowments, in addition to financial ability, cultural affinity and historical history have had a positive effect. However, the instability did not create a permanent obstacle for the Waqf, rather it reduced its dispersion. Although the concept of "felt needs" is suitable for explanation, it should be considered in the context.