نشریه مطالعات آموزش علوم ورزشی
پیاپی 3 (زمستان 1402)

One of the important concepts in sports science is the talent identification process. The purpose of this research was to investigate the views of physical education specialists and teachers about the characteristics of sports talent.

The statistical population of this research included all physical education specialists and teachers in Tehran province. The available research sample was based on the Sharp Cochran (1979) method, and there were 103 physical education teachers and 103 physical education experts. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 40 questions, whose content validity was determined by the opinion of physical education experts, and the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.896 using the test-retest method. In order to check the normality of the data distribution, the Kolmogorov - Smirnov test was used and it was determined that the data distribution was not normal. Therefore, the non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney test was used.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the views of teachers and physical education specialists regarding the characteristics of body measurements in the mother's fields (P≤0.001). And there is a significant difference regarding the physiological indicators in the racket fields (P≤0.001). And there is no significant difference in the index of physical and movement readiness in mother, ball and racket disciplines, and there was a significant difference in biomechanical indices in mother, ball (P≤0.01) and racket (P≤0.05) fields. There was a significant difference (P≤0.05) in mental indices in ball and racket disciplines.

The views of teachers and physical education specialists are different in terms of talent search variables, and a comprehensive sports talent program should include the opinion of all specialists and teachers.

Learning mindfulness is one of the logical ways to help athletes to enter the state of smooth performance and reach peak performance. This research was conducted with the aim of the effect of mindfulness training on the motivation and performance of athletes.

The design of the current research is semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group. This research is applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of method and consists of two comparison groups with random replacement, pre-test, post-test (6 sessions). The statistical population of the research was volleyball sports conservatory athletes whose sample size is 30 athletes based on the Stevens table and the semi-experimental nature of the research. The sample people were divided into two groups of 15 people, experimental and control. In order to collect information, standard sports motivation questionnaire (SMS-6) and athletes' performance questionnaire - Charbonneau (2001) were used, which were distributed among the sample by targeted sampling method. SPSS22 software was used to analyze the findings and covariance analysis was used to check the hypotheses.

It showed that with the pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the level of motivation of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group (P=0.000; F=5.229). In other words, mindfulness training has increased the motivation of athletes in the experimental group according to the average score of the total motivation of the athletes in the experimental group compared to the average of the control group. The amount of influence or difference is equal to 24/810. Further findings showed that with the pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the performance level of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group (P=0.000; F=6.145).In other words, mindfulness training has increased the performance of athletes in the experimental group according to the average score of the total performance of the athletes in the experimental group compared to the average of the control group. The effect or difference is equal to 27.321. Also, with the pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the level of internal motivation of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group (P=0.000; F=11.230). In other words, mindfulness training has increased the internal motivation of the athletes in the experimental group according to the average score of the total internal motivation of the athletes in the experimental group compared to the average of the control group. The amount of influence or difference is equal to 37/800. Also, with the pre-test control, there is a significant difference between the level of external motivation of the athletes in the experimental group and the control group (P=0.000; F=30.270).

Mindfulness training has increased the external motivation of athletes in the experimental group according to the average score of the total motivation of the athletes in the experimental group compared to the average of the control group

Upper_crossed_syndrome is a common complication among students. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to ‎investigate the effect of 8 weeks of Pilates exercises on pain, forward head angle and kyphosis angle of girl students ‎suffering from upper_crossed_syndrome.‎

A number of 20 girl students suffering from upper_crossed_syndrome were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed Pilates exercises 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Before and after the 8 weeks of exercises, the pain level was measured by the visual analogue scale test, the kyphosis angle by a flexible ruler and the forward head angle by goniometer. The data were analyzed using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance.

The amount of pain and the angles of kyphosis and forward head of the subjects in the experimental group compared to the control group improved significantly after performing the exercises. While these changes were not significant in the control group.

Improving muscle balance and increasing awareness of one's posture while performing various activities can be seen as a reason for improving the complications associated with upper_crossed_syndrome in students.

Leisure time is a basic element of human needs in contemporary life that affects different aspects of life. Experts consider it a suitable measure for the health of society and believe that just as planning and investment is done for employment, the same should be done for spending leisure time, especially for the young generation. Therefore, considering the great importance of leisure time and the vital role of student teachers in the education system of the country, it is necessary to pay special attention to the enrichment of their leisure time. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of designing a framework for enriching the leisure time of student teachers in the country.

The method of this research was qualitative and was implemented with the method based on database theory. The data was collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews among student teachers, faculty members and staff of Farhangian University across the country in the academic year of 2011-2014, who were selected by theoretical sampling method (until data saturation reached 64 people). To analyze the content of the interviews, an interpretive analytical method was used using three-stage open, central and selective coding.

In the process of analyzing the interviews, 274 open codes were first identified, which were grouped into 19 core codes, then aggregated into 6 categories and presented as a schematic model. The final model of the research showed that the main category of enriching the free time of students and teachers of the country includes all dimensions of a complete human being, i.e. educational-religious-devotional-moral, economic-professional, scientific-technological, social-political, biological-physical and aesthetic-artistic; which has been affected by contextual factors (management and planning), causal factors (individual and non-individual), intervening factors (individual and organizational obstacles) which can be achieved with the micro, macro and secondary consequences of university and student-related technologies.

According to the results of the present study, it is recommended that Farhangian University draw up general and coherent policies for student teachers' leisure time and delegate more authority to the provinces. On the other hand, to identify the capacities and abilities, deficiencies and interests of student teachers and also according to the needs of education as the employer of Farhangian University, through the process of planning, organizing, budgeting and efficient and targeted supervision in order to enrich the leisure time of student teachers. It is also very important that students' leisure activities are attractive, practical, fun, purposeful, diverse, useful and creative in order to increase their welcome. In this way, it is possible to ensure their mental and physical health and vitality, and therefore move in the direction of improving the quality of life of the people of the society, the progress and excellence of teachers, students and the people of the country.

Exercise trainings increase people’s physical literacy in all aspects. This study aimed to compare the effect of non_exercise training after continuous and high intensity interval training on physical literacy and body composition of overweight female secondary school students.

24 female secondary school students (15-17 years old) who were overweight were between the 85th and 95th percentiles and were randomly divided into three groups: continuous training and non-training, high intensity interval training and non-training, and control (8 people in each group) were placed. Training was for 12 weeks and no training after that for 4 weeks. 24 hours before, 48 hours after the end of the training period, and 24 hours after the end of the non-training period, pre-test and post-test measurements were taken.

Physical literacy increased significantly in both training groups compared to the control group, and body composition improved significantly in both training groups compared to the control group. It came with training, but these effects were still present compared to before training(P<0.05). No difference was observed between the two types of training and no training(P>0.05).

It seems that 12 weeks of continuous training and Both of the severe periodic type, leads to an increase in physical literacy and an improvement in the body composition of female students of the second secondary level, and lack of exercise leads to a decrease in the effects of exercise, but after 4 weeks, its effects do not disappear completely.

 The use of supplements and food of natural origin along with exercises in order to achieve health benefits and weight loss has become very popular. In the meantime, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has been considered as an efficient and new training method and ursolic acid as a natural substance. Therefore, the present study determined the effect of six high-intensity intermittent exercises and ursolic acid supplementation on oxidative stress and percentage of the week in obese teenage boys.

In this semi-experimental study, healthy obese adolescent boys (age range: 13-18 years) of Mobarakeh city, Isfahan based on body mass index (above 25 kg/m2) and fat percentage (more than 25%) numbered 36. The selected people and after equalization based on aerobic fitness (VO2max) were placed in four groups of intense intermittent exercise, ursolic acid supplementation, combined (exercise + ursolic acid) and control. First, the subjects participated in the preparation program for two weeks (four sessions per week) including 30 to 45 minutes of continuous and periodic aerobic exercise with an intensity of 60-70% of the reserve heart rate. Then the training continued for six weeks in the HIIT method with an intensity of 70-90% of the reserve heart rate. Oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and body fat percentage were measured before and after six weeks of exercise and supplementation. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test showed the normal distribution of all variables (P<0.05). Analysis of covariance was used to examine the differences between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to examine the differences in individual groups. The results were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and at a significance level of P<0.05.

In general, the reduction of MDA and the increase of serum TAC in the exercise and combination and supplement groups were significant compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Based on the results of this study, intense interval training in combination with ursolic acid supplementation is a suitable method to increase TAC, decrease MDA and body fat percentage of obese adolescent boys. Therefore, it seems that HIIT exercises with ursolic acid supplement can be effective in strengthening antioxidant defense and reducing oxidative stress and fat percentage in obese adolescent boys.

In order to improve exercise performances, athletes commonly benefit from nutritional ‎supplementation. A few studies have considered the proper dosage of these supplements. The ‎focus of this study is to investigate the effects of the deferent doses of garlic, on aerobic ‎performance, as a recommended supplement.‎

Fifteen men in the range of 19 to 21 years old, volunteered to take part in this study. They came ‎to the exercise physiology lab fasting, for four sessions, with a rest week between each two ‎sessions and took one of the 500, 750, 1000 mg of garlic or placebo. After four hours resting, ‎each subject performed Broce aerobic test. Blood pressure and heart rate measured, fasting, ‎before test and after test, and the time of test recorded for each subject. ‎

Along the used doses of garlic, only the dose of 1000 mg could improve aerobic performance on ‎treadmill (p<0.05). As well as, 4 hours after taking 1000 mg garlic, resting blood pressure was ‎reduced by 0.8 mmHg and there was a positive effect on heart rate response to exercise, ‎significantly (p<0.05).

Athletes needs to consider the proper dose of garlic, if they want to ‎benefit from garlic supplementation.‎

Talent management and information technology can be mentioned among the variables affecting the psychological empowerment of employees. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between talent management and psychological empowerment through information technology in physical education teachers of Kazeroon city.

This research is applied and descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research was all the physical education teachers of Kazeron city, numbering 97 people, of which 83 people were selected as a sample using the total number sampling method. The data collection tools were standard talent management questionnaires by Ahmadi et al. (2011), psychological empowerment (Spritzer, 1995) and information technology (Lortz et al., 2004). Descriptive statistics methods were used to describe the data, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression, and structural equations were used to analyze the data.       

 The results of the research showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between talent management and psychological empowerment and between talent management and information technology. There was also a significant relationship between information technology and psychological empowerment. Finally, the results showed that the relationship between talent management and psychological empowerment through information technology was positive and significant (P ≤ 0.01).

Therefore, it is appropriate to pay more attention to the variables of talent management and information technology in order to increase psychological empowerment in the target society.