نشریه طلوع بهداشت
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 24، بهار و تابستان 1387)

Emergency contraception (EC) has great potential for reducing the number of unintended pregnancies and abortion. One of the most important barriers that has been associated with lack of using EC is limited knowledge. This study assesses the baseline knowledge of emergency contraception in Andimeshk (a city in north of Khuzestan a, Province in Iran). We focused mainly on emergency contraceptive pill because they are over the counter and the most common emergency contraceptive method in Iran.In a cross – sectional study, 630 women aged 15–49 refering to family planning clinic of health centers participated in this study.The questionnaire was completed by trained research assistants.Of the 630 respondents,55.6% of them had heard about EC. 31.7% knew the proper time limit in which emergency contraceptives must be used to be effective. 26.7% of women had enough knowledge about EC. There was a significant relationship between occupation (p<0.001), education of women wed (p<0.001), number of children (p=0.02), kind of contraceptive methods (p< 0.001) history of EC used (p<0.001), unwanted pregnancy in their last pregnancy (p =0.001) and knowledge about emergency contraceptive pills. Findings showed that there was a limited knowledge about EC. There is an urgent need to educate Andimeshk women about emergency contraception, emphasizing available methods and correct timing of use. Education on EC is a vital component of reproductive health program.

This study wanted to assess the demand for curative cares among Takistan households to provide health planning information.In this survey a random cluster sampling of 457 households was performed. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire.The family size was 4.2. The causes for the participants visiting their doctors were infectious respiratory and musculoske diseases tale The average frequency of visits per individual each year was 2.4 to general physician, 1.2 to specialist, 0.1 to dentist, 1.7 to diagnostic center and 3.4 to pharmacy. The rate of hospitalization per 100 persons per year was 0.07 with the average of 4.3 days. The most important cause of hospitalization was emergencies (20.3%). Only 46% of the rural populations were satisfied with rural health insurance.According to the findings revision of the insurance system planning for better curative cares is recommended.

Promoting the hygiene and health level of the society would not be achieved while there is no pure source of potable water. A suitable and healthy drinking water should bear both a good chemical quality and a hygienic condition. The running water of the pipelines network is free from microbial infections due to free chlorine residue. In some cases, while transferring water from one container to another, there is the risk of pollution because of the conditions that are out of control. One of these cases is the water consumed in interurban transportation bus system. If this water is contaminated, there would be the risk of getting infected by water borne diseases. This study was performed to find out the quality of water consumed in the public bus transportation systems of Kerman in the first half of 2008. This is a cross-sectional study including 84 samples. We evaluated and assessed total coliform, fecal coliform, turbidity, free chlorine, pH and temperature. The collected data were analyzed by MINITAB. The results revealed total coliform in %45 of samples, positive fecal coliform in %35, turbidity 3MTU in % 42.5, 4MTU in % 46.25 and 5MTU in 11.25. The amount of free chlorine residue among %73.75 samples was zero. Temperature and pH ranged between 10-19 C and 7-8 C. In general, the microbial quality of the water consumed in the buses was recognized as unhygienic.The results of this study are consistent with similar studies performed in Kermanshah 1996, Isfahan 2004, Bandar Abbass 2004, and Mashhad 2006.The results achieved in this study showed a higher rate of pollution in total coliform than the similar rates in other cities. The index rate of total coliform in Kermanshah was higher than the one in Kerman. The rate of pollution related to fecal coliform in the consuming water of buses in Kerman was lower than the ones in Kermanshah and Mashhad and higher than the ones in Isfahan and Bandar Abbass.

Diabetes is one of chronic diseases with relatively high prevalence paying. Attention to psychiatry problems especially, depression in diabetic patients can raise quality of life in these individuals.The goal of this study is to assess the prevalence of depression in patients with type II diabetes. The subject participating in this descriptive study were 100 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) referring to Yazd diabetes research center years in 2008. Depression in these patients was assessed with the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Patients were compared for demographic variables such as sex, age, duration of disease, after diagnosis educational level, history of family depression, presence of diabetes complication associated with depression.One hundred patients with type II diabetes (29men & 71women) participated in this study. Prevalence of depression was 64% so that 48.3% of men and 70.4% of women were depressed. We found significant differences between patients on the basis of educational level (P=0.004), history of family depression (P=0.004), presence of diabetes complication (P=0.0001), and duration the disease (P=0.001).There was no statistically significant relationship between BDI scores and age groups.with due attention to high depression prevalence in type II diabetic patients, psychiatry consulting and psycho-education for the purpose of early depression diagnosis and regulating programs related to prevention and improvement of depression in this patients is important and useful.

Present Qanats are considered as enovmous investments in Iran, which have old history and great energy and much costs have been covered for them, Attention and protection for Qanats is necessary. In this study, we investigated Ahrestan Qanats water to analyze its quality condition (physical-chemical and microbial) and compare it with standards. For this purpose, sampling was done from 5 station along this Qanat in 4 stages, every month. Different tests were performed on these samples and the results were set in some tables. Results in station one showed that, turbidity, TDS, TSS, electrical conductivity, total hardness, chloride, sulfate, alkalinity in Ahrestan Qanat water were 1FTU, 7.25mg/L, 2368.8mg/L, 2378.8µs/cm, 563.7mg/LCaCO3, 391.08mg/LCL-, 61.25mg/LSO4, 268 mg/LCaCO3 respectively. Results in the last station showed that these parameters were 4FTU, 3.75mg/L, 654.3mg/L, 1278µs/cm, 379.35mg/LCaCO3, 189.44mg/LCL-, 35.5mg/LSO4, 167mg/LCaCO3 respectively. According to the results and by comparing them with related standards we can use this water for other consumptions, for example, for fish breeding consumption by animals, drinking (after filtration and chlorination), watermills, for tourism industry as well as in agriculture.

One of the measurement indices for effectivness and development of health and treatment sections is client satisfaction with state organizational services. In order to promote this plan, client tribute plan was implemented.The research was performed through a cross-sectional descriptive method. Target people were all from hospitals related to Yazd Shahid Sadughi University. The data collecting method were interview and observation. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Data were then nalyzed via SPSS and stated based on abundance simple and complex tables. In this research all the activities related to 10-part client tribute plan were examined. Mean socre related to the" training of staff". in the hospitals was 33%. They were as follows: 39% in the area of clarification and documentation of providing services for client, 43% in the area of giving information regarding the method of providing services for people, 71% in the area of preparation of ethical charter of the organization in connection with people, 80% concerning the predication of appropriate space and facilities, 46% in the area of improvement and amendment of ways for providing services to people, 61% for client opinion poll, 85/7% in the area of supervision and inspection,74% concerning the appreciation and encouragement of successful managers and staff and 81% in connection with how to behave toward people. On the whole, ABARKOH hospital received 130 points while AFSHAR hospital received 85, the maximum and minimum in Clients tribute plan.Implementation of client tribute plan in hospitals related to Yazd Shahid Sadughi University was somehow relative.By establishing the reform movement in management system as a step toward client tribute plan and a supervising system to control the Plan for each hospital we will hopefully observe a better condition for the matter.

Attentions to girls feeding situation have important designation to their health and prevention diseases of malnutrition in next years. Breakfast has important role to student thought and body health. Education is one of the methods to increase student Perceptions.A study in the effect of education has done through health belief model on the perceptions of girl students in primary school about breakfast and snack in noshahr-2007.This research is performed with the aim of studying the affect of health education by health belief model on the perceptions of girl students in primary school about breakfast and snack in noshahr-2007. In this quasi experimental study that was case control test, 100 students selected through application of randomized cluster sampling methods, and formulas of sample size from schools. Health belief model used in education for presenting the educational content. We used different educational methods such as lecture, question and pamphlet. The time of education was 1 session of 30 min subjects were evaluated in two stages. Primary test was before application of educational program to case and control and secondary test was implemented after education program by questionnaire. Which was included the demographic, perceptions questions.The statistical analysis was done by paired t – tests and Independent t – tests, ci squre, correlation correlation Pearson's test was used for determining correlation between perceptions.In this research, the Results of the paired t- test among mean of perception scores of students was found significant difference, before and after educational program implemented (P<0/001). paired t – tests and ci squre showed significant correlation after the educational program the mean of Perceived benefits in case students (from 13.14 to 14.12), Perceived Barriers (from 20.1 to 22.52), Perceived Susceptibility (from 5.26 to 5.74) and Perceived Severity (from 15.10 to 16.34). In this study, the mean of perceived benefits changes was significant in comparison to the occupation of the father (P=0/02). The mean of perceived benefits changes was significant in comparison to literacy of the mother (P=0/05).Correlation Pearson's test showed significant correlation between all perceptions of students in health belief model before and after educational program (P<0/001).

Corrosion is one of the most complex and costiy problems related to drinking water. Corrosion can affect the public health, acceptability of the drinking water source and supplying costs. The aim of this study was to determine the corrosion potentiality of drinking water in Shiraz city in 2007- 2008 through corrosion and stability index (Langlier Saturation Index, Ryznar Stability Index, Aggressiveness Index and Pockurius Scaling Index). The results indicate the mean and standard deviation for temperature, pH, and pHs were equal to 22.84 and 2.93 ºC, 7.69 and 0.28, and 6.83 and 0.24 respectively. Also the mean and standard deviation of total suspended solid (TDS), calcium hardness, and total alkalinity was equal to 656.8 and 190.9, 465.37 and 121, and 271.6 and 67 respectively. Also Langlier Saturation Index was equal to 0.86 and 0.23, respectively and for Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) was equal 5.95 and 0.36, respectively. Obtained results showed that the mean and standard deviation for Aggressiveness Index (AI) and Pockurius Scaling Index (PSI) was equal to 10.54 and 0.23, and 8.06 and 0.15, respectively.By studying the corrosion indexes it was found that most of these indexes in Shiraz drinking water have scaling potentiality and only in a few instances station have corrosion potentiality.

Color blindness is one of the common genetic disorders in all human communities. The genes which specify the red and green sensitive photopigments are located on the X chromosomes within the Xq28 band. Abnormalities are inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. This results in a much higher prevalence of red - green color deficiency in males than in females. It, s prevalence rate in human communities is a bout 8% and for females about 0.5 %.Due to the importance of color vision for locomotive drivers,358 railway staff and locomotive drivers in Yazd were randomly selected and tested for red - green color blindness and visual acuity. To do this,a questionnaire including information on age, level of education, occupation, smoking, visual acuity, color blindness and awareness of color blindness was prepared. The 38-plates edition of the Ishihara test was used to examine red - green color blindness and Snellen chart was also used to check visual acuity.Of the subjects27 (7.54%)showed color blindness, 6 of them being locomotive drivers.Three showed protanopia, 5 protanomaly, 4 deuteranopia and 15 deuteranomaly. The prevalence of color blindness showed no correlation with visual acuity, smoking, age and the level of education (p-value > /05). The frequency distribution of having a good knowledge, partial knowledge and lack of knowledge on their color blindness was 18.52%, 48.15% and 33.33% respectively.Prevalence of red-green color blindness in rail way staff (7.54%) is comparable to other communities (2 -10 %).