فهرست مطالب زهرا نجفی

Kuwait, a small country in littoral of the Persian Gulf because of its geopolitical position, it has always been one of the important actors in the west of Asia and including the countries affecting the relations of three Islamic governments Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. In the events the fifty- seven revolution, This research study is done by descriptive- analytical to answer this question, what is the role of this sheikhdom in the process of the collapse of Pahlavi regime and the formation of the Islamic republic Iran? The main purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of Islamic revolution on the political community of Kuwait since the start of the Imam Khomeini movement until the end of the Iran- Iraq war. Discoveries and historical evidence of this paper indicates that Kuwait as the Confluence of the three ideologies of Shiite, Wahhabism and Sunnism; a relatively soft approach of the opponents of the Pahlavi regime, as it has been a strong approach to Iranian political activists and provides a proper platform to spread the thought of the revolutionaries. In the form of the Islamic republic of Iran and The statement of the important issue of the issuance of the revolution, the opponents of Al- Sabah and at the head of the Shiite protest of Kuwait, spread their campaign movements and influenced the teaching of Islamic revolution, which led to a strong response from the Al- Sabah and at the head of the Shiite protests, the opponents of Al- Sabah government. The suppression of Shiite movements such as the Shaaban Mosque uprising by the Kuwaiti security forces, the denial of the citizenship of a number of opponents in the Sheikdom by the end of Al- Sabah with Iraq in the war against Iran must be interpreted in this regard.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between investor sentiment, research and development (R&D) investments, and firm performance. The statistical population of this study consists of 152 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period from 2013 to 2021. The results show that optimistic investor sentiment, which facilitates low-cost equity issuance, prevents underinvestment in R&D and improves firm performance. Optimistic investor sentiment does not drive managers to waste low-cost resources on R&D projects that harm firm performance. Additionally, pessimistic investor sentiment, which encourages share repurchases and undermines R&D investments, reduces R&D spending and damages firm performance. However, if companies increase their R&D investments after announcing share repurchases and in the presence of pessimistic investor sentiment (negative relationship between firm performance and R&D expenses), they do not experience worse performance. Finally, the results indicate that managers who control investor sentiment likely invest in R&D projects that do not decrease firm performance. Based on the findings, it can be stated that investor sentiment affects equity financing conditions under various circumstances, which in turn affects the motivations of firms for R&D investments and consequently firm performance. Accordingly, this study discusses the impact of R&D on firm performance when investor sentiment affects stock prices and demonstrates that R&D generally improves firm performance during optimistic periods and decreases it during pessimistic periods.

With the increase of international interactions and the use of similar production technologies at the international level, intra-industry trade between countries has become a subject of interest for economic theorists, and paying attention to a non-oil product that has a comparative advantage can have a high contribution to the commercial growth of countries. be One of the practical and effective industries in Iran's commercial growth is the cement industry. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting trade within Iran's industry with selected business partners in the cement industry in the years 1388-1401 with the combined data method. The influencing variables include Linder index, carbon dioxide emissions, added value of the industry sector, geographical distance and real exchange rate.According to the results, the carbon dioxide emission index has a negative effect on the trade within the cemen industry for Iran and its trading partners, and it has the largest coefficient among all the investigated variables. Also, the relationship between trade within the industry with the added value of the industry sector and geographic distance was positive, and the variables of Linder and exchange rate also have a non-significant effect on trade within the industry.

Microbial resistance due to antibiotics overuse can endanger the general health of society. Various factors play a role in mothers' overuse of antibiotics for their children. This study aimed to investigate mothers' attitude and behavior about the use of antibiotics in children under five years old in Yazd City.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 302 mothers with children under five years old were included in 2019-2020; a questionnaire of mothers' attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use was completed. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 and P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mothers' attitude level was poor, moderate, and good in 60 (20%), 180 (59.5%), and 62 patients (20.5%), respectively. Furthermore, mothers' practice level was poor in 55 (18.2%), moderate in 210 (69.5%) and good in 37 (12.3%). The level of attitude (P = 0.000) and practice (P = 0.007) in mothers with a higher level of education was significantly higher. With increasing the number of children, mothers' attitude (P = 0.03) and practice (P = 0.02) were significantly lower.

The study results showed that most mothers have a moderate level of attitude and practice in using antibiotics in their children. A significant number of them also mentioned antibiotic use without a prescription. Therefore, to reduce the improper use of antibiotics, it is recommended to pay attention to educational programs with proper planning by the public media. It makes sense to train physicians, monitor their performance and closely monitor the sale of antibiotics in pharmacies to reduce their use without a doctor's prescription.

"Intentionality" is a central concept in the philosophy of mind and contemporary philosophical discourses. How it is possible and also how to determine the mental content are among the important issues in this regard, the explanation of which differs based on different philosophical principles. For this reason, this article explains intentionality from the perspective of Mohammad Hoseyn Tabatabai and the contemporary philosophers namely Fodor, Dartsky, and Millikan. Philosophers, who believe in the causal and ultimate theories of content in explaining intentionality, try to naturalize intentionality and mental content based on physicalism in their opinion. The author believes that according to Tabatabai's philosophical foundations, a new answer can be found to the problem of the possibility of intentionality and determination of mental content. This answer, which is a kind of causal statement, is not possible without denying the materialist view of science. In this article, we have shown that the proposed response derived from Tabatabai's principles can be reconstructed by a kind of integration with content theories, and it can be said that the mechanisms explained by content theories are material processes that play a preparatory role in determining content and intentionality.

The main aim of this study was to validate organizational solidarity scale in public schools of Iran.

The scale consists of social-emotional and Structural -instrumental as two sub scales and 18 items with a Likert spectrum. Statistical population included all primary (3958 individuals) and secondary (5350 individuals) school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. 

Results of the item analysis indicated that each items have a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension.   Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and organizational Solidarity.  Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable.

Overall, the obtained results approved the applicability of the prepared scale for field studies in this subject area.

This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process.

Security is one of the basic needs and motivations of human beings, so that with its decline, human peace of mind disappears and is replaced by anxiety, anxiety and restlessness, and the fulfillment of many human needs depends on providing security. The aim of this study was to investigate social trust in three dimensions (fundamental trust, interpersonal trust, generalized trust) on social security in three dimensions (emotional, life, financial) among women in Babylon. The research method of this research has been a descriptive survey and the women's analysis unit of Babol city is 64-15. The survey method and standard and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information, the reliability of which was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results show that there is a significant and direct relationship between the dimensions of independent variables of social trust and dependent variable of social security, and among these, the dimension of fundamental trust with value (0.386) showed the greatest correlation with social security. Multiple regression analysis shows that independent variables (0.44) explain social security changes.

 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is a multifactorial disease that affects 1-3% of couples. Since Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) gene is involved in fetal maternal immune tolerance, mutations in the HLA-G gene can affect the success rate of pregnancy.

 The present study aims to investigate the haplotype effect of rs1736933 and rs2735022 polymorphisms found in the HLA-G gene on the RPL.Methods In this case-control study, participants were 100 women with RPL and 80 women with normal fertility in northwestern Iran. The HLA-G gene promoter was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and sequenced. The genotype and allele frequencies of the two polymorphisms were compared between the two groups by using t-test in SPSS software version 22. Haplotype analysis was performed using PHASE 2.1 and Haploview 4.2 applications

 C allele and CC genotype in rs2735022 polymorphism and the G allele and GG genotype in rs1736933 polymorphism showed a significant association with the RPL (P<0.05). Frequency of haplotypes AA, AC, GA, GC were 0.72, 0.23, 0.01, 0.03 in patients and 0.39, 0.01, 0.02, 0.59 in the control group (P<0.05). The linkage disequilibrium score was 94.

 Analysis of GC haplotype in rs2735022 and rs1736933 polymorphisms of the HLA-G gene can be helpful in genetic studies of women with RPL.

Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools

Contamination of soil and water by heavy metals have accelerated since the beginning of the industrial revolution. So cleaning up and removing of the contaminants is one of the major challenges of human societies. There are different methods for remediation of contaminated environments and adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals by the adsorbents is one of them. In addition to being effective and fast, the immobilization technique is simple, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. In recent years, the use of polymeric composites, among the various adsorbents of heavy metals, has attracted the attention of many researchers due to their higher efficiency in comparison of pure adsorbents. Chitosan composites are among those polymeric composites that, due to their properties, can have a high ability to absorb heavy metals in contaminated environments. Chitosan composites have often been used to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater, however, the efficiency of these composites in immobilization of heavy metals in soils has not been studied. Due to the great variety and environmental safety of these composites, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of pure and chitosan coated adsorbents in immobilization of soil cadmium.

For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design and three replications. Factors studied were soil cadmium levels (0, 8, 25 and 75 mg/kg soil) and types of adsorbent including pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and composites of chitosan- biochar, chitosan- zeolite and chitosan- magnetite and control (without adsorbents). Each adsorbent was applied to soil at the rate of 0.5% W/W. Uncontaminated soil samples were spiked with different amounts of cadmium sulfate and incubated for two months to achieve relative equilibrium. After two months the samples were treated with different adsorbents and incubated for another two months. Then the amounts of DTPA extractable cadmium and its different chemical forms were determined.

The results showed that the application of adsorbents to soil decreased the concentrations of DTPA extractable cadmium. The results also showed that chitosan composites had higher ability for immobilization of cadmium in the soil than the pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and the highest cadmium immobilization ability was observed for the composite of chitosan- magnetite. Reductions in DTPA- extractable cadmium for pure chitosan, biochar, nanomagnetite, and zeolite were 26.11, 19.38, 18.00 and 7.71% and for composites of chitosan- magnetite, chitosan- biochar and chitosan- zeolite were 34.02, 32.04 and 30.56% respectively when compared to the control treatment. Sequential extraction at the contamination level of 75 mg Cd/kg soil also showed that the use of adsorbents significantly reduced the soluble + exchangeable and carbonate forms of cadmium compared to the control treatment and increased its more stable forms including iron and manganese oxide, organic matter and residue fractions.

According to the results, it can be concluded that coating the pure adsorbents with chitosan by creating more adsorption sites reduces the cadmium mobility in the soils and increased the efficiency of pure adsorbents in the immobilization of cadmium. It was also observed that among the composites that used in this experiment, the highest ability to reduce the cadmium concentration was related to the chitosan-magnetite composite.

Drug addiction is one of the major challenges in the international and Iranian level and relapse into addiction is considered an important factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological, family and social factors affecting the recurrence of drug addicts.

The study was post-event. The statistical population was all addicts referred to addiction treatment centers in Yazd province in 1998 with a frequency of 520 who had relapse to drugs and 121 people were selected by convenience sampling method and surveyed with a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Friedman test.

The results showed that all three psychological, familial and social factors play a role in recurrence and in terms of order and prioritization, first social factor, then psychological and finally family factors affect recurrence. One of the most important components of the psychological factor is tempting thoughts and depression, the role of friends, peers and groups is one of the most important components of the social factor and family problems and disputes are among the most important components of the family factor.

Psychological, social and family factors with different degrees of importance cause relapse to addiction, which requires the design of studies on the causes of relapse and strategies to prevent it as the main problem of drug addiction.

Given the fluctuations in world oil prices and the endless supply of this underground resource, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the attractive sectors of investment in intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade refers to the simultaneous export and import of a group of similar goods, resulting in product differentiation in imperfectly competitive markets and the existence of economies of scale.The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting intra-industry trade with selected drug trading partners for 2018-2000 using hybrid data method. According to estimates, research and development expenditures as an indicator of innovation have the greatest impact and have a positive and significant impact on trade within the Iranian pharmaceutical industry and selected trading partners, as well as trade imbalances and differences in GDP per capita. According to the Linder index, they also have a negative and significant effect, and by reducing these variables, intra-industry trade in the field of medicine will increase. On the other hand, the effect of geographical distance variable and FDI based on the effect of alternative, on the trade index within the industry has been negative and non-significant. The effectiveness of membership in the anti-fraudulent trade agreement, as a control variable, has reduced the level of trade within Iranchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s industry with selected trading partners in the field of pharmaceutical industry.

The role of intra-industry trade has been emphasized in international commerce since the 1960s. Innovation and government size, which affect goods and services production and government presence in international commerce, have also been highlighted since then. This study examines the influence of these two factors on international trade and estimates their effects in linear and logistic transformation models from the years 2000 to 2016 using HS four-digit codes. This research focuses on 20 main import and export industries of Iran and selected commercial partners. The authors estimate the model using the bidirectional panel data method and analyze the data using Stata 15 software. Results indicate that in both models there is a U-shaped relationship (non-linear) between innovation and intra-industry trade. However, government size increases intra-industry trade in these models. Linder variables decrease intra-industry trade but GDP per capita increases intra-industry trade. Other control variables (geographical distance and membership in economic organizations) show the expected impact on intra-industry trade.

Studies have suggested that HLA-G is involved in protecting the fetus against the motherchr('39')s immune system, and upstream polymorphisms of this gene may influence pregnancy success by effecting its expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of upstream HLA-G gene polymorphism, rs1736933, with recurrent spontaneous abortion in East Azerbaijan women population.

This case-control study was performed on 80 women with at least one child and without any history of abortion, and 100 women with at least two recurrent spontaneous abortions which were diagnosed by gynecologist. 2 ml of blood was obtained from the participants and after DNA extraction, a segment of the HLA-G gene promoter was amplified by PCR and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of patient and control groups were compared.

Frequency of AA, CA, CC genotypes in the patient group were 8(8%), 37(37%), 55(55%) and in the control group were 16(20%), 33(41.25%), 31(38.75%) respectively. Comparison of genotypic frequencies between the two groups showed that CC homozygous genotype was associated with recurrent abortion (p= 0.015). Statistical analysis also showed a significant difference between the allelic frequencies of the two groups (p= 0.019).

The results of this study showed that the upstream HLA-G gene polymorphism, rs1736933, is associated with the recurrent abortion in East Azerbaijan women population.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of different chitosan composites on lettuce plant and mobility reduction of cadmium in the soil. For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design.The proposed factors were soil cadmium levels (0, 8, 25 and 75 mg/kg) and types of adsorbent (chitosan, biochar, zeolite, nanomagnetite and composites of chitosan-biochar, chitosan- zeolite,chitosan- magnetite and control). Each adsorbent was applied to the soil at the rate of 0.5% W/W. The results showed that the shoot height, the shoot and root dry weight and the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the shoot of lettuce decreased but the cadmium concentration of leaf increased as the concentration of soil total cadmium increased. The results also showed increasing the amount of adsorbents to the soil decreased the toxic effects of cadmium by adsorpting the part of soluble cadmium. As, by application of 0.5% W/W of chitosan-magnetite composite, the concentration of cadmium in the shoot of lettuce decreased about 24.22 mg/kg as compared to the control treatment. But the shoot height and the shoot dry weight increased by 29.57 and 43.6% respectively, and the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc increased by 72.22, 98.78, 267.77 and 128.10% respectively, as compared to the control treatment.

The business income tax is major source of tax revenues due to its importance and size. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of mental accounting in shaping tax behavior of self-employed taxpayers. This is a survey research and the statistical population is comprised of individual taxpayers in Fars province in 2019. Hypothesis testing using R based on a sample of 184 small business owners revealed that self-employed taxpayers vary in how they use mental accounting and do tax calculations. They can be divided into segregators and integrators. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant difference between mental accounting of income tax and value-added tax (VAT). Taxpayers are more likely to segregate their mental accounts for VAT than they do for income tax. In addition, there is a positive relationship between tax knowledge and using mental accounting and a positive relationship between mental accounting and tax compliance. Therefore, it is important for the government to promote small business owners’ knowledge that can influence their mental accounting and, in turn, their tax compliance.

Intentionality is a key concept in philosophy of mind which has been the subject of many discussions of contemporary philosophy. How can Intentionality be possible and how can mental content be determined? It is one of the main issues there which is approached differently based on different philosophical backgrounds. The paper at hand analyzes-and for the first time, Intentionality according to Allame Tabatabii`s philosophical theories. In This content according to philosophical theories of Allame Tabatabii, not only it is possible to talk about “Intentionality”, but also to find some new answers to its possibility and determination of mental content. It will be a causal explanation which can’t be possible without rejecting materialistic view about the nature of knowledge.The casual theories try to naturalize Intentionality according to casual relationships but The theory of knowledge in Allame`s philosophy reject This overview. from the basis of each object in the world, our represntations can be determinate.

Over the recent years, the importance of entrepreneurship has contributed to the advancement of countries' economic growth and development and the elimination of income distribution inequalities. So that entrepreneurs have played a central role in developing economies in developed countries. While this importance has been neglected in developing countries. Therefore, considering the importance of the role of entrepreneurship, this study examines the relationship between entrepreneurship and income inequality in Iranian provinces during the years 1395-1959. The results confirm the reverse U-relationship between these two variables, and the results also showed that most of the countries surveyed are in the downward curve, that is, with increasing levels of entrepreneurship, income distribution inequality is reduced. Other variables affecting inequality of income distribution, urbanization rate and population density have positive and negative effects on inequality, respectively.

The article at hand has been authored to clarify the quiddity of the philosophy of jurisprudence and the way its issues are categorized. With regard to the definition of the philosophy of jurisprudence, the article ultimately selects the last given definition which exists in the last review of the philosophy of jurisprudence. Therefore, based on the three layers of the philosophy of jurisprudence – namely, general paradigmatic principles, the generalities of the philosophy of Islamic jurisprudence, and the specific principles of this philosophy – we might maintain that it is a science that analyzes, criticizes, and suggests the conceptual scope, status, structure, and mechanism of jurisprudence in line with certain paradigmatic principles. In cooperation with other domains of arbitrary perceptions, this science processes desirable reference systems. Moreover, in its evaluation of the history of jurisprudence, this science adopts the posteriori criticism method to process the principle chosen by the jurist. Furthermore, in the light of the necessity of determining the scientific scope of various issues and in order to use the methods of understanding and problem solving in each domain of knowledge, it provides classifications of various issues of the philosophy of jurisprudence at seven levels, namely general epistemic principles, specific principles of the philosophy of that science, psychological principles, sociological principles, principles of linguistic philosophy, principles of the history of science, and methodological principles. In terms of method, the study at hand is a descriptive-analytical research project that uses library research data.

With the introduction of the book Relative Value, anesthesia has increased, and as prolonged anesthesia time, along with the risks and adverse effects, impose a financial burden on the patient and the hospital, it is essential to review the costs required by this department and to monitor the maintenance of the insurance organization's resources and reduce payments from the insured's pockets. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of unrealistic anesthesia registrations and their impact on costing in East Azerbaijan.

This descriptive study was performed by extracting data from 8 selected hospitals by purposeful stratified method based on criteria and indicators (including 182 surgical records). Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA and variance test were used to classify the data.

Most of the surgeries were related to health insurance funds (48%). The average unit of anesthesia time elapsed for each operation was similar in different surgeries in different hospitals. The time taken for global action was longer than the average time recorded for each operation in private hospitals and public hospitals. In clinical records, overlap of anesthesia was extracted according to available documentation based on calculation of duration of each physician's activity and concurrent anesthesia management of two patients by physician during office hours. The average overwriting in public hospitals was 26.6% and in private hospitals 54%. In 19% of the time the anesthesia was started before the patient entered the operating room and in 36% of the cases the end of the anesthesia was recorded after the patient had left the operating room and 43% of the total requested hospital units were surplus. Since P-Value<0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study, the result of claiming a significant difference between the average amount of anesthesia for similar operations in private and public hospitals was rejected (p = 0.793). 

The amount requested for anesthesia times in both public and private hospitals is higher than the actual amount. Therefore, the cost can be controlled by applying the calculation method of unrealistic registration cases. Also, the unit of anesthesia time considered in the Global Time List is higher than the average unit recorded for each operation in the studied hospitals. Therefore, a review of the list of times of global actions seems necessary.

The main purpose of this study was to validate leadership worldview scale for public schools principals. This scale is a short form of leadership worldview scale (Torkzadeh and Jafari, 2012) and consists of 30 items with a Likert spectrum which is developed in accordance with the Wexler Leadership worldview framework (2006), and includes four subscales: entrepreneurial, network, social and regulatory leadership worldview. Furthermore, each of these four types of leadership worldviews has dimensions including the type of rationality, creativity, patterns of time, change, ethics and leadership style. The statistical population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and Cochran’s formula. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and the first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. The results of the item analysis indicated that each subscale had a significant correlation with the type of leadership worldview. The result of the first and second order confirmatory factor showed that each subscale had a high degree of validity for explaining the type of leadership worldview. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding subscales is desirable. Overall, results approved the applicability of the present scale in the subject area. The main purpose of this study was to validate leadership worldview scale for public schools principals. This scale is a short form of leadership worldview scale (Torkzadeh and Jafari, 2012) and consists of 30 items with a Likert spectrum which is developed in accordance with the Wexler Leadership worldview framework (2006), and includes four subscales: entrepreneurial, network, social and regulatory leadership worldview. Furthermore, each of these four types of leadership worldviews has dimensions including the type of rationality, creativity, patterns of time, change, ethics and leadership style. The statistical population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and Cochran’s formula. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and the first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. The results of the item analysis indicated that each subscale had a significant correlation with the type of leadership worldview. The result of the first and second order confirmatory factor showed that each subscale had a high degree of validity for explaining the type of leadership worldview. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding subscales is desirable. Overall, results approved the applicability of the present scale in the subject area. The main purpose of this study was to validate leadership worldview scale for public schools principals. This scale is a short form of leadership worldview scale (Torkzadeh and Jafari, 2012) and consists of 30 items with a Likert spectrum which is developed in accordance with the Wexler Leadership worldview framework (2006), and includes four subscales: entrepreneurial, network, social and regulatory leadership worldview. Furthermore, each of these four types of leadership worldviews has dimensions including the type of rationality, creativity, patterns of time, change, ethics and leadership style. The statistical population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and Cochran’s formula. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and the first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. The results of the item analysis indicated that each subscale had a significant correlation with the type of leadership worldview. The result of the first and second order confirmatory factor showed that each subscale had a high degree of validity for explaining the type of leadership worldview. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding subscales is desirable. Overall, results approved the applicability of the present scale in the subject area. The main purpose of this study was to validate leadership worldview scale for public schools principals. This scale is a short form of leadership worldview scale (Torkzadeh and Jafari, 2012) and consists of 30 items with a Likert spectrum which is developed in accordance with the Wexler Leadership worldview framework (2006), and includes four subscales: entrepreneurial, network, social and regulatory leadership worldview. Furthermore, each of these four types of leadership worldviews has dimensions including the type of rationality, creativity, patterns of time, change, ethics and leadership style. The statistical population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and Cochran’s formula. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and the first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. The results of the item analysis indicated that each subscale had a significant correlation with the type of leadership worldview. The result of the first and second order confirmatory factor showed that each subscale had a high degree of validity for explaining the type of leadership worldview. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding subscales is desirable. Overall, results approved the applicability of the present scale in the subject area. The main purpose of this study was to validate leadership worldview scale for public schools principals. This scale is a short form of leadership worldview scale (Torkzadeh and Jafari, 2012) and consists of 30 items with a Likert spectrum which is developed in accordance with the Wexler Leadership worldview framework (2006), and includes four subscales: entrepreneurial, network, social and regulatory leadership worldview. Furthermore, each of these four types of leadership worldviews has dimensions including the type of rationality, creativity, patterns of time, change, ethics and leadership style. The statistical population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and Cochran’s formula. In order to measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and the first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability.

Poverty has always been regarded as one of the most destructive factors that negatively influence the social and economic classes of people in any given country. Obviously, a major goal of economic development is the fair distribution of income and reduction of poverty. Financial development can pave the way for the achievement of these aims and lower income inequalities directly or indirectly. Given that policy makers are always seeking ways to control poverty, investigating the relationship between financial development and poverty seems to be necessary. Therefore, the present study examines the relationship between the two factors within the time interval from 2003 to 2015 regarding the countries represented in the Islamic conference. According to our results, there is a reverse U relationship between those two factors, and most of the studied countries are on the upward part of the curve (U). The results also indicate that financial development reduces poverty more remarkably in high- and average-income countries and in those that are more committed to the rule of law.