فصلنامه جغرافیا
پیاپی 34 (پاییز 1391)

This study considered impact of climate changes on floods by using the atmospheric circulation model (AOGCM) is in the Bakhtiari basin. To do this, the simulated temperature and precipitation in the future using CGCM3 the scenario emissions A2 of the models-AR4 AOGCM to fine-scale view of statistics (LARS-WG) and proportional method (rainfall) and the difference (minimum and maximum temperature). The rainfall - runoff HEC-HMS model was used, for simulation of flood in basin. Result of Simulate the climate variables on selected basin in future periods were reducing rainfall and increasing the minimum and maximum temperatures in the future. Simulation results in Bakhtiari Talezang station on the basin of Farvardin 69 flood showed that, simulational flow 357.7 m3 decreased as compared with observational flow that was equal %6.1 errors. In total, observed on average 20 percent reduction in precipitation of Bakhtiari Talezang station and 1.5 and 1 degree increase arrangement in maximum and minimum temperature. Results of extraction intensive precipitation in the future period (2011-2030), Showed that, although precipitation decrease at future, will occur intensive precipitation with more severity compared with based period, that to indicate increase in floods at future.

Combinational perspective taking into consideration all aspects of a given subject is one of the characteristics of geography. As a branch of geography, geopolitics should also have a comprehensive view and avoid individualistic methods and one-dimensional approaches. Focusing on these characteristics and applying a constructivist approach (which enjoys a combinational and balanced view), this paper attempts to examine the relations of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the United States. In the same vein, cultural geography has been studied as the main index. Establishing a logical connection between geopolitics and the constructivist approach, this paper tries to analyze the status of cultural geography within the relations of these two countries. The fundamental question of this paper is as follows: In terms of constructivism, how cultural geography has brought about conflict in the geopolitical structure governing the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States? It should be noted that this paper is a descriptive-analytical one.

Bank spaces and Finance and credit institutes are among the most important uses at the city level that have a considerable role in enhancing financial source supply and the economic power of the city and the citizens. Regarding the special role of this use and presenting the financial services to the citizens that has a true effect in optimal urban management, a suitable framework must be provided to select suitable geographical regions for bank branches and their distribution in the city. Nowadays, optimal region selection to create a use in a determined geographical area is among the important steps of an administrative project. The complexity of city problems caused numerous variables to become effective in region selection of the uses that their analysis with traditional methods such as manual overlapping of the maps is impossible because of high data volume. Therefore, this paper tries to observe and identify best regions in triple regions of Rasht city in easy access and other criteria respect for optimal region selection of bank and financial units using powerful instruments such as geographical information system (Gis) which has always been considered by planners and those involved in economic development of the country, to prevent density of the bank branches in a special part of the city depending on this powerful system (Gis), and by moving towards the stable development, proceed with faire distribution of bank branches in different regions of the city.

Studies have been done; although not frequently, on glacial features of central Iran by foreigners and Iranian researchers which all refer to climate changes during Quaternary period. However, there are controversial opinions about the extents of the changes and temperature and precipitation conditions over central Iran during cold phases (equal to glacial phases) of Quaternary. Although all studies agree with colder conditions during the Late Quaternary, they have differences over the extremity of the weather conditions. Some of the researchers indicate temperatures as low as minus -36° C during colder phases, although some others believe in temperature as low as less than minus 12° C. Some studies signify a drier than today or with no precipitation difference, though with some positive moisture balance and some others believe on a moisture conditions than today. In this research we have investigated the glacial evidence such as: valleys and cirques, moraines and their altitudinal locations, along with statistical analyses to distinguish any probable temperature and precipitation changes during the cold phase in Shir Kuh northern slopes. Using Write method to establish the Wurm firn line we reconstructed the thermal counter intervals within the watershed. Regression correlations used to reconstruct changes on temperature and precipitation compared with contemporary meteorological data.

Meandering is one of the main problems of river engineering that will affect Human activities on the margins of rivers, So study these areas is necessary In order to obtain accurate recognition and Review problems and Potential hazards In order to maintain and optimize utilization of natural resources. The purpose of this research is Quantitative study of Specifications and patterns of river Meanders of studied route in Gezel Ozan basin that in this way can identify and specifications of Meanders studied route. To achieve this goal Considering the size and extent of the study area be necessary Using satellite images and process information using GIS. Result indicated that changes trend of river are different in studied intervals during the three periods. So that the changes are very high in the first interval and it is very low in the second interval during the three periods. Sinuosity Ratio index and Central Angel index Quantities indicated that Central Angel and Sinuosity Ratio changes are limited in one range in all studied intervals (except for a small proportion in the mountain interval). Theses will recognize arcs nearly the same along the river and pattern of meandering according to angle Central pattern is developed.

Globalization as a process that started in the late twentieth century, which was caused by increasing knowledge and awareness of cultures, some of communication and cooperation in various aspects of political, social, cultural and economic, are undergoing fundamental transformations.communication, diversity and multiplicity of cultures and identities in the communities has been outstanding. Thus, in all human interactions in global efforts to achieve the same identity that can be effective pro-growth sentiment ethnicity. In this connection, research has been done. Foundation study on the question of what proportion built between globalization and ethnic identity Azeri public university students in Tehran there. This method of research - descriptive analysis of the survey and data collection, questionnaire and interview, and library resources is valid. Results from data analysis through SPSS 19 software development showed that the globalization process, while the convergence and proximity to other ethnic Azeri Iranian ethnic groups have followed, but also strengthens ethnic identity is Azeri.

In the recent two decades (1986 to 2009), tour and travel agencies of Tehran have been less successful in providing information concerning tourist centers of Tehran region and tourist attraction by tours in spite of the fact that Tehran region enjoys numerous natural, historical, cultural, and pilgrimage attractions. Therefore, a little Providing Information and following limited implementation of tourism Tours resulted in forming and low development of residential and entertainment infrastructures of tourist centers of Tehran region have been faced numerous challenges. This research was, thus, conducted by quantitative field study to clarify the effects of tourism providing information by tour and travel agencies of Tehran on development of infrastructures of tourist centers and the future opportunities in Tehran. The results show that, contribution of tour and travel agencies of Tehran city as endogenous factors of tourism spatial system of Tehran region in structural-functional developments is of greater importance than the role of public tourism organizations as exogenous factors. The mechanism to resolve this is to consider an endogenous and sustainable development of the area of residential and entertainment infrastructures and their diversification in the form of capacity building of local potentials and empowerment residents of urban and rural habitats is recommended.

Meanders are active landforms and usually are formed in the path of low slope channel of the rivers. These features are very unstable, because of river dynamic influence and little slope of deltas and are evolved in relatively short time intervals and sometimes they are changed the direction of channel. In this research, the changes of Jagin River channel at the level of Makran coastal plain has been studied. The existing evidences indicate that meanders movement and the bed changes of this river to other areas of Iran are significantly considerable. Geomorphological and hydrodynamic features of the direction of this river including low delta slope, particle sediments, overflowing the river and tectonic factors are considered as main unstable factors of Jagin River channel. The main aim of current research is study the influencing variations in the changes of this river. Method of study is comparing the river meander developments and changing the direction of river from 1971 to 2004 within a period of about fifty years. Topography and geological maps, satellite images and aerial photographs are of the most important research tools for studying time and place changes and meander development of Jagin River. For studying the slope and other morphometric data of region, the drawing of longitudinal profiles have been used. The situation the position of meanders has been controlled with field survey and through GPS and simultaneously, sampling has been conducted for analyzing the sediment logical impacts. The conclusions demonstrate that the abundance and development of meanders and changing the direction of Jagin River depends on low slope of Jagin delta and the particle of sediment texture.

In this research, amount of effect of Mediterranean Sea surface temperature anomalies on precipitation of West of Iran has been investigated. For this purpose, warm, cold and base periods were determined for dates of MEDSST in statistics period of (1970 – 2005) for every season. Then Medians of precipitation in every season and every period were determined so as Rw, RC and Rb. Theses Medians in every season and every period compared together to clear amount of this effect. Results indicated when MEDSST is colder than normal in winter season, winter precipitation of West region of Iran increase but MEDSST of warmer than normal in autumn season is caused increase of precipitation. There is negative and confident correlation between MEDSST anomalies and precipitation of some station of West of Iran in winter season and also there is positive and confident correlation between MEDSST anomalies and precipitation of many station of West of Iran in autumn season.

The climate variability in the mid altitudes, on the daily basis, is related to the movement of cyclone and anti-cyclone systems. Cyclones on the Earth are mainly resulted from baroclinic waves in middle and lower levels. The first studies identified the major role of cyclones in synoptic variability which have manually determined cyclones, their routs (Lagrangian approach) and their spatial variability (Eulerian approach). The study of structure, behavior, dynamic and synoptic conditions, movement rout and effects of these cyclones are especially important from their reinforcement till their movement towards the Middle East and Iran. In the recent study, using these two approaches, digital and computerized techniques besides theoretical viewpoints, cyclonic actions of the year 1996 in levels of 1000,925,850, 700, 600,500 HP have been investigated. In this study, NCEP reanalyzed data with temporal resolution of 6 hours and 2.5×2.5 spatial resolution degree arc was used within the studied area of 30 W to 80 E and from 0 to 80 N. The results showed that the highest annual frequency of cyclone occurrences is with level of 500 and the lowest one is with level of 700. Moreover, The study showed that the highest frequency of cyclone occurrences with respect to seasonal distribution respectively belonged to winter, autumn, spring and summer.It is also showed that the origin of most cyclones is out of Iran and the results indicated that those cyclones reaching Iran or around it often follow three main routs: 1- west route: Mediterranean region and Atlas Mountains 2- North North-West route: Alp Mountains, Black Sea and Caucasus Mountains, 3-South-West–North-East route. The geopotential gradient shows that in all selected levels the number of strong (weak) cyclones with high (low) gradient is decreased exponentially.

Through this article, the distribution of pm10 in Tehran was simulated based on wind patterns without the presence of synoptic patterns by a model called TAPM (a meso-scale model). The simulation covers three horizontal resolution domains 30, 10 and 3 kilometres. The pollutant chosen for this simulating was PM10. The result showed that the model was successful in simulating the pollutant emissions about 61 percent this score is good according to the TAPM designers. The simulation result can be acceptable because the air pollution stations measure the pollutants based on point sources while the model does simulation in the surface level (area source). The statistical output from this research showed that the concentration of pollutants increases from north to south and east to west over the city of Tehran. The variance analysis shows that two municipality zones (11, 12) are the most polluted area and the zone 21 is the cleanest. This is due to the wind direction ruling over Tehran. With the presence of synoptic conditions, the wind speed increases in height level and the contours show harmony while in conditions without the presence of synoptic the wind speed decreases and the contours do not show any harmony. Since the wind speed is almost always less than the Tu. Coefficient, we do not expect the wind to refine the air in Tehran.

One of the problems that many cities face is the heavy traffic and parking space problem, which is a reflection of traffic system. Refining public parking space as one of the most important components of city roads and paths has a significant contribution on calming and settling the city environment. This research by giving a proper pattern aims for efficient distribution of public parking of Kazeron city. The current research method is descriptive – analytic. The required informations of this research were collected from field observation, comprehensive design study and descriptive of Kazeron city, 1/2000 maps of current situation. In this research by utilizing GIS software and by the help of AHP models and overlap of indexes, and by using close layers to heavy traffic streets, closeness to main communication network, closeness to population attractive centers, inclination and land usage and after going through data entering, analysis and processing stages, the valuation and weighing and information layer composition of proper spaces for public parking spaces of Kazeron city were identified.

Middle East is one of the dispute and crisis core in the world. This region in the end years of 20th century and the beginning years of 21st century was involved in many crises. It is a fact that no region in the world like Middle East had been encountering with disputes. It, especially after the Second World War, was always the bed of political, martial and economical changes and never be decreased these changes intensity. But, some of these changes in the Middle East like war, disputes and conflicts always, reflexes in national, regional and international scales; whereas, the process of geoeconomical changes in the Middle East are less mentioned. In the present paper, in addition to qualify the geopolitical and geoeconomical structure of the middle east and its landscape, using descriptive-analytical method, it will be explained effective factors in the development certainty of this region according to the united nations standards of the millennium development goals. It is supposed that the population increasing process, shortage of resources in some countries of the Middle East and lake of democracy and legality make effects on the geopolitical and geoeconomical structure of the Middle East.Research findings indicate that the countries of Middle East and North Africa don’t have same and equal sources. These countries in the millennium development goals were studied geoeconomicaly as the countries of rich sources and labor forces, rich sources and poor labor forces and poor sources and poor labor forces. According to before mentioned contents, the purposes of this paper are:1. Explaining the geoeconomical place of Middle East between other regions that are classified in United Nation's millennium development goals, and2. Analyzing the out look of the geoeconomical place of Middle East and factors which influence that out look.In this way, in this article with a descriptive-analytical method and applying library sources, at first, related books, articles and specially UN's bulletins and printed information were studied and accessing some statistics creditable internet sites were used. In the first step, the lack of stable definition of Middle East makes difficulties. Then, we try to determine this region in the theoretical foundations. In the second step, we work out geoeconomical statistics and with a glance to existing situation of development in the countries of Middle East and North Africa it was cleared that there is a geoeconomical difference and this factor makes several problems between these countries in convergence process. The mentioned hypothesis were examined through the analysis of these countrie's gross income and existing situation of development, and also extraneous variables like the lack of democracy and legibility and low economical growth were theoretically studied. Finally, the unemployment growth arising from educated urban population growth is studied as an important factor in geoeconomical challenges of Middle East and North Africa which mentioned in the conclusions.

Tourism in modern times has developed to the extent that after oil and car industry it is regarded as the third most profitable industry in the world andeconomist often refer to it as the ‘’invisible export’’. Furthermore, in addition to its undeniable role in economic prosperity, tourism is considered by many countries as one of the key factors when plans concerning social, economic and cultural growths are in mind.Undoubtedly, one of the primary reasons for man to travel would have been that of visiting places of historical, cultural and religious significance in order to fulfil spiritual and sometime financial needs. In Iran too, due to great many cultural and religious diversities throughout the history and variability of local and central governments that ruled the land and their mementos that were left behind, tourism had been actively encouraged and followed. That said, Share Rey due to its several thousand years of historical and cultural significance and its proximity to numerous religious sites and holy shrines as well of being a centre for religious studies has attracted millions of visitors from within Iran and abroad each year.It is also widely accepted that tourism has a direct link to socioeconomic prosperity in any country and Shahr-e- Rey is no exception as almost all major city infrastructures are built in the vicinity of the religious centre.Based on data gathered from the 310 individuals (residence, academics and tourists) who took part in my survey and the information collated on the subject of this study, there is a strong correlation between growth and socioeconomic development and tourist attractions in that region. Therefore, it can be deduced that underdevelopment often experienced in Shahre Rey is directly linked to the city being less popularised and presented to potential visitors that is desired which in turn leads to lack of fundamental planning and groundwork development.

The weather of every region is an important factor to determine the rate of activity and the kind of human activity, as well. In this article, in order to evaluate the human peaceful climate using bioclimatic index (TCI), the data of 23 synoptic stations of Khozestan province in an 18-year statistical period (1991-2008) have been gathered and the incomplete data have also been reconstructed through Kerjing average finding method. In this model, a system of seven parameters: monthly average of precipitations, temperature average, relative moisture average, maximum temperature, minimum relative moisture, average of daily sunny days and wind speed were evaluated. The aim of this descriptive – analytical research is to review the conditions of human peaceful climate of Khoozestan Province and to determine the time calendar of human peaceful conditions based on the TCI Model. In the course of analyzing and processing data in the Excel Domain, a data bank was made and then the TCI Index was calculated for all the stations of the province separated according to the months of the year and with the help of the GIS technique, the TCI map was also prepared and plotted for all the months of the year. The results of this research showed that the favorable conditions in this province from climatic peacefulness point of view are provided in the months of March and December; with this difference that in March, the extent of ideal climatic conditions in the southern parts are greater.