Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences
Volume:5 Issue: 5, Sep--Oct 2022

Watermelon is a nutrient-dense fruit, contrary to the popular assumption that it is primarily composed of water and sugar. Watermelon, the whole fruit, is distinguished by a variety of bioactive molecules with diverse chemical backbones, including phenolics, carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, citrulline, as well as numerous vitamins and minerals. Many researchers have considered watermelon as a natural source of biologically active chemicals in previous decades, primarily when evaluating some biomedical features such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant capabilities. This study focuses on the most beneficial bioactive ingredients found in the watermelon and the possibility of utilizing these ingredients to treat a variety of ailments. The results showed that watermelon extracts are considered a valuable source of many beneficial components that can be used for medicinal purposes.

Children, like adults, are not immune to asthma and may develop the disease. Obviously, children face specific challenges and difficulties that can cause shortness of breath and disruption in their daily lives. Unfortunately, asthma is not as treatable as the common cold. We can only control its symptoms in children with proper medication and treatment; Asthma in children can interfere with the child's growth process. Parental knowledge in child care has a significant role in maintaining a recurrence. Many parents are still wrong in handling children with asthma-related to the frequency of recurrence of asthma in children. This study aims to determine the relationship of parental knowledge with the frequency of asthma allergy recurrence in children aged 6-12 years in the Banyuanyar Pukesmas Surakarta working area. This research is a quantitative study using a correlative descriptive design. The study population was 35 parents who have children aged 6-12 years suffering from asthma in the working area of ​​Karangasem Public Health Center Surakarta. The research samples of 35 parents were determined using total sampling techniques. Research data collection using a questionnaire instrument, while data analysis using the Spearman Rank correlation test. Results The research results were obtained by rs of -0.382 (p-value = 0.023) so that H0 is rejected. The better the parents' knowledge about asthma, the lower the frequency of asthma recurrence in children.

Coumarins belong to a worthwhile family of heterocycles that exist naturally and/or synthetically. Benzocoumarins are a type of extended structure of coumarins in which the coumarin core is fused with the benzene ring at 7,8-, 6,7-, 5,6-, or 3,4-positions. Benzocoumarins have a wide range of applications, especially in organic and pharmaceutical chemistries, which makes them of particular interest. Serious efforts have been undertaken over the past decades not only to isolate them from natural resources but also to develop efficient and new approaches to synthesize benzocoumarins with novel or better biomedical properties. Based on the scientific literature, this study outlines the classical methodologies and their advancements that are applied in the synthesis of benzocoumarins.

The use of dental materials in the human mouth is not possible except by relying on physiological, biological, pathological studies and the study of physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Pulp capping is a treatment to deal with cases of reversible pulpitis that initiates the formation of reparative dentin so that vitality and tissue function can be maintained. The use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as a pulp capping material has shown promising results in clinical trials. The success of pulp capping treatment can be seen from reparative dentin formation through histological examination. The aim is to determine the potential use of MTA as a pulp capping material against reparative dentin formation. Secondary data from several search engines such as ProQuest, Taylor and Francis, PubMed, and Wiley appropriate with keywords were obtained through 334 journals. Journals were filtered and identified by title, abstract, and keywords with a total of 28 journals; then, they were re-filtered by considering the complete contents yielding five journals. All the research journals reviewed in this literature revealed that pulp capping with MTA on permanent human teeth could form reparative dentin. One research journal only investigated the absence of reparative dentin; two other research journals used the location of the formation of reparative dentin against medicament.In contrast, the other two journals utilized the thickness of reparative dentin as the assessment criteria. MTA as pulp capping material for reversible pulpitis treatment can form reparative dentin that could be seen from the histological examination. The quality of reparative dentin can be evaluated based on the thickness of the reparative dentin and the location of the reparative dentin formation against pulp capping material.

Coumarins having an aryl phenol linked to the 3,4-, 5,6-, 6,7-, or 7,8-binding sites are referred to as benzocoumarins. Efforts have been made in recent years to separate new configurations of benzocoumarin analogues with notable biological activities and to devise novel production procedures to create such agents with unique or even improved bioactivities. The separation and characterization of natural benzocoumarin compounds are briefly described in the first section of this study. The innovative synthetic approaches for the production of benzocoumarin-related compounds and also the documented total pathways to synthesize naturally occurring benzocoumarin derivatives are presented in the second portion. The third part contains a comprehensive summary of the attempts conducted to investigate the pharmacological activities of benzocoumarin related compounds, as well as the additional make-up, methods of production, and bioactivity assessment of therapeutically appropriate analogues. The authors’ aim is to provide an overview of benzocoumarins, including their natural sources, chemical synthetic methodologies, and bio-medicinal activities that have been investigated over the last few decades.

The term work–life balance is a blend of two words, work and life. In the context of the extant research, the focus is on the health care workers, who are the front-line warriors during the Covid-19 pandemic. They include amongst others doctors, nurses and health care administrators. The contributions of these front-line workers during this pandemic are invaluable. However, they have to face the brunt of the pandemic which affected work life balance enormously. In this background, the present paper is an initiative to understand the various dynamics related to the work life balance of health care workers, particularly during the pandemic, and for this purpose four leading hospitals in the study area were selected for collection of data. The entire data were analyzed under four parameters, work pressure related issues, infrastructure and family issues, organizational policy, and work related cash and non-cash benefits. Overall, twenty two hypotheses were developed and out of these seven null hypotheses and fifteen alternative hypotheses were accepted. As regards to the work pressure related issues three null and three alternative hypotheses were developed, whereas basing on infrastructure and family issues one null and three alternate hypotheses were accepted. On the basis of organization policies, seven hypotheses were developed and all of them were accepted as all alternative hypotheses and similarly, out of five hypotheses related to cash and non-cash benefits, three null and two alternative hypotheses were accepted. Concerns and difficulties in the workplace and personal problems in life affect each other. The equilibrium of work-life is conceived as a dual system that gives fair weightage to the demands of both the employees and employers. There cannot be an equal balance between work and life, rather, it is a matter of prioritizing and managing the burden of each field in order to align time, energy, and resources so that work and life are satisfied.  The present paper is an endeavor to decode the various issues related to work life balance of health care workers in the new normal. The paper is hoped to be an additional contribution to the existing literature.

The apt description of COVID-19’s clinical course throughout hospitalization provides experiences for dealing with subsequent outbreaks, especially in patients with severe COVID-19 who get admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). This study aimed to evaluate the symptomatology of patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU of Peymaniyeh Hospital in Jahrom in the first to the fifth wave of coronavirus.

This study was a descriptive-analytical on all ICU admitted COVID-19 patients during different outbreaks of COVID-19 from 2020 to 2022. Demographic data, symptomology at admission, and COVID-19 history were recorded along with the intubation rate. Data were compared among 5 different peaks of the COVID-19 in the whole country.

Three-hundred sixty-nine patients were evaluated in this study. There was a significant difference between gender and hospitalization in the first to the fifth wave (P <0.005). In the first, second, and third waves, the frequency of hospitalization was higher in men than women, while reversed in the fourth and fifth waves. There was a significant difference between the first and fifth waves in terms of fever symptoms, loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, chest pain, and lethargy (P <0.05). Respiratory distress was the most common symptom in the first to the fifth wave followed by chest pain, cough and fever were most common after respiratory distress.

diverse symptomatology in different waves of COVID-19 was found in our study, addressing the need for rapid clinical responses and policies specified for any new wave of outbreak.

This study reports a comparison between two types of extraction. The first one is traditional extraction which can be called liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solvent extraction, while the second is modern extraction, namely cloud point extraction (CPE). 3-Chloro-2,4-pentanedione was used as a complexing agent that is one of β-diketone that have an interesting in extracting copper ions. The current study showed that cloud point extraction (E%=92, D=11.594, LogD= 1.064233296) is more efficient than its counterpart (E%=80, D=4.089, LogD= 0.611). The cloud point extraction was studied using Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant and ethyl acetate as a solvent. Also, complex CuA-Cl was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and mass and UV-visible spectrometries.

We dealt with Multidrug- resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiisa “red alert” pathogen that is included in the acronym “ESKAPE” along with other five dangerous bacteria. The moniker “Iraqibacter” was given to this resistant bacterium isolated from American soldiers in Iraq during 2003. This is a surveillance study intended mainly to detect the antibiogram profile of this bacterium in Iraqi patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) attending a major urology center. Two hundred ninety urine samples with positive culture results were examined for the detection of A. baumannii in a hospital-based cross-sectional studyfrom January to the end of June 2021. Isolation and identification of the bacteria, the prevalence of this bacterial infection, antibiotic sensitivity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and extended-spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) enzyme detection were performed using conventional methods along with Vitek 2- compact 15 system (Biomerieux®). A. baumannii was isolated in 13 out of 290 UTI cases (about 4.5 %). Total resistance to ceftriaxone and cefazolin was noticed (100%), with high sensitivity to colistin and minocycline (100% and 92.3%, respectively). Nine cases of Iraqibacter isolates (about 77%) exhibited the presence of ESBL enzyme. The highest MIC value was for Trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole (i.e. 176.92 ± 114.56), while the least MIC detection was for colistin (0.384 ± 0.129). Iraqibacter represents 4.5% of bacterial strains in UTI. Most have multidrug-resistantbehavior, with a high resistance rate to trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole and B-lactams, that should not be used when physicians prescribe antimicrobials to manage UTI caused by Iraqibacter.

Emulsions could be defined as heterogeneous system thermo-dynamically unstable of a two-phase system consisting of at least two immiscible liquids. A third component, the emulsifying agent, is necessary to stabilize the emulsion. Etodolac is used to relieve pain, swelling, and joint stiffness from arthritis. The local administration of the drug topically will avoid the systemic side effects besides some advantages making it a superior dosage form. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate nanoemulsion composed of different oils and surfactant system systems and find the best microemulsion formula in terms of particle size and stability. The present study includes making different emulsion formulas and implementing etodolac into them. The formulas were made by wet gum using DW, oils (almond and eucalyptus), and surfactants (tweens, span, and triton X). Experiments were then done on the formulas to choose successful ones to put etodolac into. One of the successful formulas had etodolac implemented into them and further experiment were done after. Finally, etodolac was tested in-vivo in the form of cream to see its efficacy by a pharmacologist.Results revealed that all prepared formulas succeeded in giving emulsion but with variable degree of properties and stability. Their pH are acidic with no sensitization to skin. Selected formula Fe2 contains eucalyptus oil and a mixture of tween40 and triton x is the best formula in terms of stability, reliability, and globular size. Upon addition of etodolac drug formula still stable and globular size is small and uniform under laser diffraction analyzer. Eucalyptus and almond oils can give stable emulsion. Oil in water emulsion type is predominant in all prepared formulas. A stable and promising formula was obtained with no sensitization was seen, and this formula is ready to be applied to human skin after some more tests to be marketed as microemulsion formula for the analgesic drug etodolac.

The cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is commonly used in traditional pharmacopoeia. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the valorization of this plant species through the study of the anticandidosic activity of cork oak (Quercus suber) bark extracts stemming from decoction, maceration and Soxhlet methods of extraction. The anticandidosic potential of the elaborated extracts was tested on five different Candida albicans strains. Our results showed that all tested extracts tested displayed an inhibitive activity against the five strains.  The study of the acute toxicity showed that the lethal dose is 1150 mg/kg in mice, which remained moderately toxic according to Hodge and Sterner classification scale. Taken together, these results underline the antifungal potential of cork oak bark extracts against Candida albicans strains, suggesting a prospective use of these extracts for candidiasis treatment.

One of the most common hereditary hematological disorders is beta thalassemia major manifested by severe hemolysis and profound anemia for which the regular blood transfusions are required that leading to the iron accumulation in blood and body organs as well as increased serum ferritin. Thalassemic patient’s lipid profile levels are significantly variable in many studies. The study aimed to detect any alteration of serum lipid profiles in thalassemic major patients and to find out if they are correlated with serum ferritin and Hb concentration.Method sand patients: Sixty-two Beta thalassemia major patients were enrolled in the study, aged (6months-15 years) randomly selected (65) matched control children. Obtaining serum samples for lipid profile, and ferritin estimation, as well as blood test of hemoglobin concentration was done. Statistical data analysis was performed using standard methods. The most presented age was (>5-10 years.) followed by (6mo-5years) then (>11-15 years.) (27, 21, 14) patients, respectively. Female were slightly predominant than male (54.8%), (45.2%), respectively mainly in group 2 (55.9%), while male slightly predominates in the younger and older groups (26.5%), (17.7%), respectively. Serum ferritin levels were very high in (98.4%) of cases, mainly in group 2 (43%), then in group 1 (34%), followed by group 3 (23%). The majority of patients had normal cholesterol level (95.16%). Lipoprotein were Low in (35.5%) of patients mainly in group 2 (54.5%) and normal in (64.5%) mainly equally distributed in groups, although not statistically significant, (p.value=0.7). Low Density Lipoprotein was normal in most patients (95.16%), and not significant statistically (P value=0.8). Triglyceride was high in most patients (83.9%), while normal in (16.1%), it was with no statistically significant (p. value=0.4). The present study concluded a positive correlation between (high Triglyceride, low, and high density Lipoprotein) and (low Hb and high ferritin levels) which may attribute to the future fatal cardiac complication.

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological symptom among adolescent girls and young women. It can have a significant impact on females’ quality of life. The study aims to investigate the prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea among Iraqi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic.A cross-sectional study was conducted across different universities, including (College of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dentistry) in Baghdad/Iraq, from March to May 2021. The data was collected through a self-questionnaire of 1312 Iraqi female university students. Dysmenorrhea was reported by (51.5%) of university students. Nearly one-third (32.1%) of participants rating dysmenorrhea as mild, (13.3%) moderate, and (6.1%) severe.  Approximately (18.1%) of participants reported worsening of their menstrual pain, (21.3%) reported irregular menstrual cycles, (35.5%) reported increasing in learning difficulties, and (13.4%) reported increasing in the medication used to treat dysmenorrhea during the pandemic. The results revealed that there was a significant relationship between dysmenorrhea and the age of students, menstrual irregularity, medication use, and students who had Covid-19 infection (p-value <0.005). In addition, there was a highly significantly relationship between dysmenorrhea and learning disabilities as well as poor interpersonal relationships among Iraqi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic (p-value <0.001). According to the findings, dysmenorrhea has a negative impact on students’ attendance, academic performance, and their interpersonal interactions during the COVID 19 pandemic. Future studies need to focus on improving pain management strategies to reduce the effects of dysmenorrhea so that young women can optimize their educational and future life opportunities.

In recent times, many researchers in pharmaceutical chemistry have been preoccupied with the quest for new potent anti-infective agents to combat antimicrobial resistance. A novel series of naphthalene-based derivatives were synthesized as part of these studies. Different spectral techniques, such as UV–Vis, FTIR, 13C-NMR, and 1H-NMR were used to affirm the synthesized compounds’ chemical structures, while an ADME study was conducted to investigate their pharmacokinetics and drug-like properties. The potential of the synthesized naphthalene-based derivatives as anti-infective candidates versus pathogenic microbes was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay. These microbes involved six aerobic gram-negative bacteria, four anaerobic bacteria, and two fungi. In addition, their safety was assessed versus normal bacterial flora. From the obtained results, the authors reported the following principal outcomes: Compound SF5 revealed a significant aerobic gram-negative bactericidal impact while indicating high safety versus the non-pathological bacterial strain. Most of the synthesized naphthalene-based derivatives demonstrated outstanding potential as fungicidal candidates, but compound SF1 was the most potent one. According to ADME analysis, almost all of the synthesized derivatives have good theoretical pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness characteristics making them suitable as oral-derived agents.

This work involves the synthesis of eight novel fused coumarin compounds, which were confirmed by various spectrophotometers and then, assessed for their apoptotic-inducing and free radical-quenching activities. The pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated in silico using pre-ADMET, a free online program. The apoptotic-inducing activity was tested against six tumorigenic cell lines. Also, their safety against normal cells was examined. The free radical-quenching activity was assessed by checking these compounds’ ability to eliminate DDPT and hydroxyl moieties. Pharmacokinetic investigations showed that the synthesized fused coumarin compounds have excellent penetration across the GIT mucosa and most of them have poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier. These findings suggest good oral bioavailability along with low neurological toxicity profiles. The evaluation of the apoptotic-inducing activity revealed that all of the compounds have weaker activity as compared to the reference. Among these compounds, SA4 was the most potent one. Nevertheless, all of these new compounds had an excellent safety profile against normal cells. On the other hand, the assessment of the free radical-quenching activity of these synthesized compounds also indicated that all of them were less active than the reference. In this field, SA0 was the strongest free radical-quenching compound. From these realizations, along with the apparent safety and good pharmacokinetic characteristics in accordance with the in silico study, compounds SA4 and SA0 are considered the most promising agents. The authors hope that these new fused coumarin compounds can be utilized in the coming years for the production of new powerful drugs with apoptotic-inducing and free radical-quenching potentials which can help in the battle against many diseases.

Hospital and Pre-hospital emergency staff are the first to experience stressful situations, and this long-term stress leads to burnout. This study aimed to investigate burnout in hospital and pre-hospital emergency departments as a systematic review study.

In this systematic review study, articles published in Persian-language database such as SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, and English-language databases as Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engine were examined from 2010 to 2022, using keyword such as emergency, emergency medical staff, pre-hospital emergency, emergency department nurses were studied. The quality of the given articles was evaluated using a STROBE checklist.

In this study, 27 articles were used for review. The rate of burnout was divided into three categories: Low, Moderate and High. This study was reported as low in 4 studies, Moderate in 17 studies, and 4 High in 4 studies. The relationship between demographic variables and burnout, the highest relationship between work experience, and burnout was seen in 15 studies.

The results of the present study indicate a significant relationship in most studies between work experience and burnout. Due to the moderate prevalence of burnout in hospital and pre-hospital emergency departments, health planners and policymakers should adopt the appropriate methods and techniques to prevent this phenomenon

The infections resistant to the current antimicrobials are becoming more prevalent today. So, in an attempt to discover the novel pharmacologically active scaffolding for the development of anti-microbial agents, five naturally simple coumarins were isolated from Allsweet watermelon seeds using four solvents (acetone, chloroform, dichloromethane, and ether). In this project, three extraction approaches were used as dynamic, microwave-, and ultrasonic-promoted maceration, and each one was achieved in three patterns, which were non-serial, as well as serial ascending-and descending-organized polarity. Relying on the phytochemical-screening data, only one of the 30 obtained extracts was picked to isolate the simple coumarin-based scaffolds. The chemical backbones of these isolates were depicted by comparing their spectral findings with those reported in the literature. The in vitro antimicrobial investigations were performed on the separated compounds using a broth dilution manner. This investigation was conducted against six pathogenic aerobic Gram-negative bacterial strains as well as a non-pathogenic one, using Ciprofloxacin as a control, four anaerobic bacterial strains utilizing Metronidazole as a control, and two fungal strains utilizing Nystatatin as a control. The results showed that the extracted simple coumarins have hopeful antimicrobial potential against the pathogens tested, with product RA4 outperforming the others. In addition, based on the PF values, the separated compounds revealed favorable bactericidal as well as fungicidal properties. According to these research findings, these advent natural, simple coumarins may serve as a useful scaffold for preparing novel anti-microbial medicines.

The current study investigated the impact of growth hormone (GH) and polymorphism of calpain genes (CAPN1) on the changes in live weight and qualitative and quantitative indicators of meat productivity of young Kazakh White-headed cattle. CAPN1 polymorphism is represented by two alleles, C and G, with a frequency of 0.12 and 0.88, three genotypes, CC, CG, GG, with a frequency of 0.06, 0.81, and 0.13, respectively. GH polymorphism - V and L alleles, with a frequency of 0.40 and 0.60, and VV, LV, and LL genotypes with a frequency of 0.31, 0.51, and 0.18, respectively. The CAPN1C and GHV alleles are preferred for improving the quantity and quality of meat productivity of the Kazakh white-headed cattle. Animals with the CAPN1CC and GHVV genotypes had a 6.9% higher body weight at 12 months of age (P

Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. The cause of this disease is the destruction of pancreatic beta cells and the consequent loss of insulin production in the body. The incidence of this disease varies according to the geographical area, age, sex, family history, and race. Parents play an important role in childhood diabetes. Certainly, children do not have the ability to diagnose and treat, and the parents must give them the necessary care. It is obvious that children with disabilities need more care. In general, children with special healthcare needs often require specialized medical care and support. This article analyzed the main directions of social protection of families raising children with disabilities. All types of payments and benefits for this category of the population in modern Russia were considered, i.e. prospects of social work technologies with such categories as families with disabled children, particularly at the residence. The directions of the considered technology between various subjects and objects with a given family were analyzed, that is the historical aspect of the study of intrafamilial relationships in a Mordovian family with a disabled child. An algorithm of intermediary social activity with a category of the considered type is proposed.

Obstetric characteristics of pregnancy and the reproductive process are related to the susceptibility of pregnant women to mental health problems. This study aims to analyze the relationship between obstetric characteristics and antenatal depression during symptoms among pregnant women in Surakarta. The observational studies were conducted using a cross-sectional design to describe the symptoms of antenatal depression. A sample of 150 pregnant women was recruited from selected health centers using random cluster sampling in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. Data were collected using a biographies characteristics questionnaire. The scale of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was measured using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire in Indonesian, which was validated and proved reliable in previous studies. Pregnant women filled out the questionnaire independently after completing ANC services. To analyze the data, chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were computed. The results showed that poor obstetric history experienced by pregnant women has a significant role in antenatal depression (p-value 0.021) OR: 3.071 (95% CI: 1.187 - 7.947). This means that a poor obstetric history is three times more likely to develop depression during pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy variables affect antenatal depression symptoms. The logistic regression analysis showed that planned pregnancy could prevent depression three times (p-value 0.011), OR: 0.339 (95% CI: 0.147 -0.784). Unplanned or unwanted pregnancy and poor obstetric history were the dominant factors affecting antenatal depression symptoms. An unplanned pregnancy affected readiness for adjustment during pregnancy. Also, poor obstetric history left unpleasant experiences, which could create psychological conditions for subsequent pregnancies.