مقالات رزومه محمد صادق محسن زاده

One of the basic principles discussed in international jurisprudence is adherence to international commitments. According to Islam, this principle is considered to be one of the noblest human virtues as well as an essential condition of iman (faith) which, if breached, would amount to disbelief and faithlessness. Muslims are obliged to comply with this principle even in their encounter with non-Muslims. There are certain verses in the Quran such as the verse 1 of chapter al-Maedah where the Quran says "O you who believe! fulfill the obligations" and there are also narrations one of which is the famous tradition from the Prophet (S) who said: "Muslims are on (i.e. stick to) their conditions" which clearly denotes that one should remain committed to the conditions and agreements. The Holy Prophet's foreign policy and that of the Commander of the Faithful, Imam Ali (AS) are clear evidence of the necessity of complying with this principle.

Taqiyah is one of the original Islamic concepts rooted in man's nature and innate indisposition. It is in reality the practice of concealing one's true faith or expressing the opposite of what he believes in to preserve a greater and more important interest than telling the truth. The comprehensiveness of the religion of Islam, and the dynamic and flexible nature of its legal codes have provided its followers and true adherents with solutions that can help them in difficult conditions. Thus, taqiyah being a powerful method of protecting oneself against harm or danger or preserving a more important interest in order to reach one's sacred and divine goals is a strategy that is permissible to practice. Prophetic traditions and sayings of infallible Imam (AS) are the most important corroborating reasons after the Quran that the scholars of the two sects have relied upon, to decipher taqiyah and its rules. There are many narrations which can be considered and assessed as evidences substantiating taqiyah. Taking these narrations into consideration, one must admit that taqiyah is among the indisputable Islamic precepts and a cause of the survival of Islam. It leads to peaceful co-existence between Muslims and followers of other religions. Taqiyah also facilitates Islamic unity and brotherhood.

Taghiyeh i.e. dissimulation is a conventional act approved by Islam and introduced as an original Islamic concept. Dissimulation means preserving and guarding; and in jurist terminology it means concealing reality from others or replacing non-real instead of the real in order to save something more important than the real issue. Legitimacy of dissimulation can be deduced according to the Quranic verses such as verse 28 Surah Al-e Omran and verse 106 Surah Nahl. Some people have described dissimulation as a concept fabricated by Shiite religion and considered it as the Shiite beliefs; however, by referring to the Quranic exegesis and Feqhi books of Islamic denominations, it is observed that the entire Islamic denominations have authenticated it and acted accordingly. Of course, it should be mentioned that the non-Shiite scholars have limited application of dissimulation to the time when there is an extreme pressure or situation; nevertheless, Emamiyeh scholars, such as Imam Khomeini have divided dissimulation to different classifications and allowed some classes, e.g. Modatati dissimulation even when there is no extreme situation.

Taghiye,***** is one of the jurisprudential and theological beliefs of Shi,at which is rooted in Quran. It means to prevent from losses and damages by other people through doing something according to their views. The legality of taghiye has been approved by all Shiite jurisprudents and they have been discussed about it, s due laws and issues. Imam Khomeini (Rh) has also discussed narrowly about taghiye in different Islamic jurisprudential books and has regarded it as a true secondary rule. He belives that taghiye is legitimate against all of the people and that it is running through the laws and issues. He also believes that performance of the obligation is sufficient according to taghiye and there is no need for the repetition or performance of an obligation within or outside its prescribed time.