a. a. karimi

MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding RNA that play vital roles in all plant cellular metabolic processes by mediating target gene expression. To date, miRNAs in Taraxacum spp., which is an important industrial plant, have remained largely unknown. In the present study, 970 miRNAs from 399 families were identified in Taraxacum spp by conducting computational approaches. The most frequent miRNAs in Taraxacum spp was miR5021. According to the KEGG results, miR5021, miR838, and miR1533 are related to the terpene biosynthesis pathway, while miR5015b, and miR1436 are involved in the starch and sucrose biosynthesis pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR assay was performed to validate the expression levels of five predicted miRNAs and 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR) and invertase as the target genes. Results indicated that the highest relative expression of miR1533 and miR1436 occurred in the flower, while the highest transcripts levels of miR5015b were observed in the stem. In addition, the higher relative expression level of the miR5021 and miR838 was consistent with the lower expression level of the HMGCR gene in all tissue, suggesting that miR5021 and miR838 are involved in regulating HMGCR gene expression. Since mevalonate pathway is the main source of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which is used in the synthesis of rubber, miR5021 and miR838 play an important role in the production of rubber by regulating the expression of HMGCR enzyme. These findings will accelerate future perspective studies on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in Taraxacum kok-saghyz.

Given gender differences in the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the present study sought to investigate these dissimilarities amongst patients who underwent angiography at a major, tertiary heart hospital in Iran. Between 2005 and 2010, 44,820 patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in a registry. Pre-procedural data such as demographics, CAD risk factors, presenting symptoms, and laboratory tests, as well as post-procedural data were collected. The data were, subsequently, compared between the men and women. Out of the 44,820 patients (16,378 women), who underwent coronary angiography, 37,358 patients (11,995 women) had CAD. Amongst the CAD patients, the females were not only significantly older, less educated, and more overweight than were the males but also had higher levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood sugar (P< 0.001). Of all the risk factors, hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed the strongest association in our female CAD patients (OR=3.45, 95%CI: 3.28-3.61 and OR=2.37, 95%CI: 2.26-2.48, respectively). Acute coronary syndrome was more prevalent in the men (76.1% vs. 68.6%, P< 0.001), and chronic stable angina was more frequent in the females (31.4% vs. 23.9%, P< 0.001). With respect to post-procedural recommendations, the frequency of recommendations for non-invasive modalities was higher in the females (20.1% vs. 18.6%, P< 0.001). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus had the strongest association with CAD in our female patients. In the extensive CAD patients, medical treatment was recommended to the women more often.

The use of cardiac surgical database is necessary for evaluating and improving the quality of care. The aim of this report was to provide useful information for surgeons in Iran and other countries for their daily practice. We analyzed data from 14288 consecutive patients in four different types of procedures, namely isolated coro nary artery bypass grafting (CABG), combined CABG and valve (CABG-V), only valve (V), and other adult cardiac surgical op erations from 2002 to 2006. The activity load increased from 1765 in 2002 to 3309 surgical operations in 2006 with almost 87.2% of activity be ing isolated CABG. The mortality rate for CABG was 1%, which decreased from 1.7% to 0.9% over the five years. The mor tality rates for CABG-V and V were 5.8% and 4.8% in the last year of the study, respectively. Over the 5 yr period, the pro portion of urgent operations increased substantially from 4% to 24.5% (P< 0.0001), causing a reduction in elective op erations. The mean length of hospital stay for the entire population was 8.38±5.74 d, which remained almost steady dur ing the study period. This database can serve as a valuable resource of preoperative measurers and surgical outcomes for surgeons and researchers with a view to improving overall surgical performance.

Since a long time ago, human as original axis of organization system had played essential role.The goals of management in system are attract, maintain and merited manpower .One of the most important factors of achievement this goal is reckoned justly to regulating and designing salary and fee System.

In a descriptive cross- sectional study which carried out with the goal of assessing the effect of fee-for-service on performance of nurses and in order to provide suitable model 255 nurses and 52 nursing managers holding associate degree certificate and higher MSc and at least one year clinical experience in that centers. Variables of performance included improvement of nursing care, job satisfaction, work load, communication of personnel , errors and mistakes in treatment. urses and nursing managers taking views about effect of current implementation fee-for-service on these factors.

The results showed that 34% of nurses and 44.6% of nursing managers believed that the effect of current method on improvement of nurses performance and 82 % of nursing managers believed that implementation of fee-for-service with current method didn't obtain the goals of this scheme.

Therefore the implementation of fee-for-service scheme with current method hadn't effect on improvement of nurses performance in a viewpoint optimism only that causes reinstated at organization. It is recommended that using of participatory method and admission system of suggestion as a modified model for reforming the current method.