a. singh
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The popularity of natural dyes is gradually increasing worldwide because of their sustainable and eco-friendly dyeing properties. The potential of natural dyes to replace synthetic dyes is expected to be explored by a new researchers. Bombax Ceiba is a tree widely known for medical purposes. The present work focuses on developing functional wool using natural dye obtained from conical prickles of Bombax Ceiba bark. The colouration of wool using conical prickles of Bombax Ceiba bark was done in a rota-dyer machine. Assessment of the fastness and functional properties of the dyed fabrics was performed. Mordants (aluminum ferric sulphate and chitosan) were utilised to dye the wool. Satisfactory fastness and good colouration properties were achieved by dyed fabric. More than 76 % antioxidant activity and excellent UV protection were acquired by the dyed fabrics. The dyed wool fabric confirmed K/S>1 and wash fastness ratings in the range “good” to “excellent”. Thus, the novel combinations of conical prickles of Bombax Ceiba bark and various mordants were explored for the functional colouration of wool fabric.Keywords: Bombax Ceiba Bark, UV Protection, Antioxidant, Wool
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In a centrifugal pump, the clearance flow is quite common due to the existence of clearance between the casing and impeller. Apart from the clearance, the impeller speed and flow rate have a significant impact on fluid frictional torque. This study uses experimental and numerical methods to investigate these dynamics. The experimental setup includes measurements of fluid frictional torque at various levels of axial clearance (0.6 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1.8 mm), flow rates (8 L/min, 10 L/min, and 12 L/min), and impeller speeds (800 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1200 rpm). A 3-level, 3-factor factorial design (L27) is employed to systematically examine the impact of these factors on fluid frictional torque. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are utilized to capture complex parameter interactions, with optimization performed using a Desirability Function (DF). The analysis reveals a significant increase in fluid frictional torque with increasing axial clearance, impeller speed, and flow rate. The optimal operational parameters for minimizing fluid frictional torque in the centrifugal pump are identified as and mm, achieving a minimum fluid frictional torque of 0.499 NmKeywords: Fluid Frictional Torque, ANOVA, RSM, ANN, Optimization
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Tandem bladed axial flow compressor concept has immense potential for increasing the stage loading over conventional stages. This infers significant improvement in gas turbine engine operational economics and performance. However, implementation of tandem configuration invites additional three dimensionalities in the flow field. This complicates the design process limiting the realization of the tandem bladed rotor concept. The present study addresses the strategies for development of a low-speed axial compressor design implementing tandem bladed rotor and single stator. Both the rotor and stator flow mechanisms have been investigated in detail using steady state simulations. A highly loaded tandem bladed rotor is followed by single bladed stator which handles the highly swirled flow. The single blade configuration of stator results in higher diffusion factor which is more susceptible to the flow separation. Moreover, a dual wake structure evolves through the rotor passage due to highly loaded individual blades. The stage design follows an unconventional approach of tandem rotor-single stator over the reported tandem rotor-tandem stator or only tandem bladed stator configuration. The aerodynamic match between the tandem bladed rotor and stator has been of critical importance in development of this design. The rotor has been designed for highest possible energization of flow by fine tuning the variation of tandem nozzle geometry throughout the span to complement the intended loading profile. The stator is aimed at letting the flow pass through with a chordwise varying diffusion profile. The novelty of the work lies in discussion of tandem rotor and single bladed stator flow physics altogether highlighting the interdependence of decision-making process for both.Keywords: Tandem Rotor, DCA Camber, Vortex Breakdown, Tip Clearance, Flow Blockage
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Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Volume:10 Issue: 3, Summer 2024, PP 1227 -1248BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESEvapotranspiration is an important component of water balance associated with the hydrological cycle and biological processes. Accurately estimating the rate of evapotranspiration is crucial for understanding fluctuations in water availability and effectively managing water resources in a sustainable manner. The study aims to examine the correlation between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration by assessing the linkages with vegetation and snow cover in an ecologically fragile located in the northwestern Himalaya.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study uses remote sensing Landsat satellite data series to map vegetation cover and snow cover in the area. Remote sensing data accessed from Moderate Resolution Imaging Radiometer evapotranspiration project data was used for calculating evapotranspiration and potential evaporation. The data from the Climatic Research Unit (2000–2022) was additionally utilized for the computation of potential evapotranspiration. The study investigates variances in evapotranspiration and explores correlations between normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference snow index. It further examines the correlation between potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration.FINDINGSThe study conducted from 1991 to 2021 demonstrates a notable rise in vegetation cover by 20.18 percent, showcasing spatial variations across the region. Conversely, there has been a significant decline in the extent of snow cover throughout this period. A positive correlation was identified between vegetation cover and evapotranspiration, whereas a negative correlation was observed between snow cover and evapotranspiration. Actual evapotranspiration is on the rise while potential evapotranspiration is declining throughout the region.CONCLUSIONHydrological cycle of a region is governed by many factors such as climate (precipitation, temperature), geohydrology, land use and land cover, socio-economic condition of habitants and institutions. Vegetation cover, snow cover, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration and their relationship indicates changes in local and regional climate. An incremental rise in plant growth across the study site, coupled with spatial variability and a reduction in snow cover in the elevated mountainous zone, is influencing both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration. Increase in actual evapotranspiration in the High Himalayan area of Himachal Pradesh attribute to substantial increase in vegetation cover in the dry cold desert region. The findings of the study will contribute to the comprehension of essential elements of water cycles and water budgets, facilitating improved resource allocation for climate-resilient sustainable initiatives.Keywords: Actual evapotranspiration, Climate change, Correlation, Potential evapotranspiration, Snow Index, Vegetation index
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Nowadays, sustainable approaches for the colouration of textiles are in high demand. Functional textiles remain a top choice for the user as they serve dual functions. The present study focuses on the utilisation of turmeric natural dye for dyeing of cotton using a novel method. A mosquito-repellent ethyl anthranilate was diazotised in the presence of sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid. The diazotised derivative of ethyl anthranilate was reacted with turmeric-treated fabric by in-situ azoic dyeing method. The developed dyed fabric was evaluated for fastness and colour measurements. Functional effects provided by dyed fabrics (mosquito repellency and UV protection) were also assessed using standard methods. Dyed fabrics indicated excellent UV protection and 100 % mosquito repellency. The introduction of functional groups (azo and aromatic) of the developed dye in the cotton was also confirmed through FTIR analysis. A novel functional finishing-cum-dyeing approach for the functionalization of cellulosic fabrics was explored using turmeric extract and ethyl anthranilate.Keywords: Turmeric, cotton, Ethyl anthranilate, Mosquito repellent, UV protection
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In this paper, we study the transfer of some algebraic properties from the ring $R$ to the ring of skew Hurwitz series $(HR, \omega)$, where $\omega$ is an automorphism of $R$ and vice versa. Different properties of skew Hurwitz series are studied with respect to various clean ring structures and semiclean ring structures.Keywords: Primary 16E50, 16U99, secondary 16L30
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Novel routes are continuously innovated in the textile industry to obtain high-performance products, and the development of functional textiles using functional dyes is an attractive alternative to existing methods. In this context, the current study reports the synthesis of a new acid dye to develop mosquito-repellent and UV-protective nylon. The acid dye was synthesized by reacting a diazotized derivative of ethyl anthranilate (ethyl 2-aminobenzoate) with H-acid (4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid). The synthesized dye was thoroughly characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR),13C NMR (Carbon-13 NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN analyzer), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The dye was used to dye nylon, and dyeing characteristics (exhaustion and fixation) were examined. The functional effects and coloring properties of dyed fabrics were further investigated. The dyed fabrics were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dyed fabrics were imparted with 100 % mosquito repellency and excellent UV protection.
Keywords: Acid dye, Nylon, Mosquito repellent, UV protection -
The problem of air pollution has ramifications for human health, the environment, and a variety of living sectors. Modern technology has resulted in air pollution and its damaging effects, while also driving the world to make every effort to overcome its negative repercussions. The origin, chemical composition, size, and mode of discharge inside or outdoor environments have all been proven to be air pollutants. Industrial, commercial, mobile, urban, regional, farm, and natural sources of indoor pollutants include cooking and combustion, particle matter rehabilitation, materials used for resources, temperature control, and consumer items, smoking, heating, and organic compounds. Indoor Pollutant Sources Air pollution has an impact on the body, including respiratory systems and heart disorders. Asthmatics, bronchiolitis, lung disease, cardiovascular problems, central nervous system malfunction, and skin conditions are the most common respiratory disorders, as are chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The challenges posed by outdoor air pollution are public health risks such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory ailments, COPD, and world-class asymmetry. The impacts of human activities on air quality and climate change may be realized at several sizes, ranging from urban to regional to continental to global. Rapid population growth and increased energy consumption are the principal drivers of massive amounts of hazardous chemicals and greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere, with serious consequences for health and the environment.Keywords: Air pollution, Air Quality, Greenhouse gas, Health Hazard, Outdoor environment
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در این پژوهش، تغییرات ناشی از شوری درالگوی انباشت پروتئین دردانه لاین های برنج حساس به شوری(MI-48) و متحمل به شوری(CSR-10) بررسی شد. با پیشرفت مراحل تکامل رشد دانه از 4 روز تا 12 روز بعد از گلدهی (DAF) و تا مرحله رسیدن کامل، در هر سطح شوری (که شامل 4، 7 ، و 10 دسی زیمنس بر متر بود)، درپروتئین دانه افزایش مشاهده شد. با این وجود، درهرمرحله تکامل رشد و در همه سطوح شوری، پروتئین دانه کاهشی برابر 21-10% و30-14% به ترتیب برای (CSR-10) و(MI-48) نشان داد. همراه با افزایش سطح شوری، در میان 4 دسته پروتئین دانه، مقدار glutelins در دانه های کاملا رسیده برنج، افزایشی برابر 9-5 % در (CSR-10) و کاهشی برابر 13-11% در (MI-48) داشت. مقدار Prolamins در هر دو لاین روندی برعکس نشان داد. در هر مرحله رشد تکاملی، آلبومین ها و گلوبولین ها در (CSR-10) کاهش و در (MI-48) افزایش فقط در سطح شوری 10دسی زیمنس بر متر داشتند. در لاین (CSR-10) الگوی انباشت glutelins (وزن ملکولی با نماد Mr برابر 36-40.5 kDa و 19-21.5 kDa) و prolamin (13 kDa) پلی پپتید در تیمار شاهد، 4، و 7 دسی زیمنس بر متر مشابه بود، به استثنای غلظت بالاتر دو مورد اخیر. در شوری 10دسی زیمنس بر متر ، الگوی انباشت این پلی پپتید ها متناقض بود. در (MI-48) روندی کاملا متفاوت(انباشتی زودتر و سریعتر) از پلی پپتیدهای پیشگفته در سطوح شوری 4 و 7 دسی زیمنس بر متر در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد در مراحل اولیه مشاهده شد. غلظت پلی پپتید Prolamin (13 kDa) کاهشی پیوسته در همه سطوح شوری نشان داد و کاهش آن در 10دسی زیمنس بر متر شدیدتر بود. بنا بر این نتایج، در واکنش به یک شرایط شوری معین، این دو لاین برنج سازوکار متفاوتی آشکار ساختند.
Salt-induced changes in the accumulation pattern of seed proteins were studied in salt-sensitive (MI-48) and tolerant (CSR-10) rice lines. An increase in seed protein content was observed with progress in seed development from 4 to 12 Days After Flowering (DAF) and up to maturity at each salinity level (4, 7, and 10 dS m-1). However, a 10-21, and 14-30% reduction in seed protein was noted when compared at a given developmental stage at all the salinity levels in ‘CSR-10’ and ‘MI-48,’ respectively. Among the four seed protein fractions, the proportion of glutelins revealed an increase (5-9%) in mature seeds of ‘CSR-10’ with a decrease (11-13%) in ‘MI-48’ under increasing salinity levels. Prolamins exhibited a reverse trend in both lines. Albumins and globulins revealed a decreased proportion in chr('39')CSR-10chr('39') but an increase in chr('39')MI-48chr('39') only at 10 dS m-1 at a given developmental stage. In ‘CSR-10’, the accumulation pattern of the glutelin [Molecular weight (Mr.) 36-40.5 and 19-21.5 kDa] and prolamin (13 kDa) polypeptides was seen similar at the control, 4, and 7 dS m-1 except for the higher concentration of these at later two. At 10 dSm-1, a contradictory pattern of accumulation of these polypeptides was observed. In ‘MI-48’, a completely different trend (earlier and faster accumulation) of the above-mentioned polypeptides was seen at 4 and 7 dS m-1 in comparison to the control from early stages. Prolamin polypeptide (13 kDa) showed a continuous decrease in its concentration at all the salinity levels; more pronounced at 10 dSm-1. Therefore, both lines revealed a different mechanism in response to a given salinity condition.
Keywords: Glutelins, Oryza sativa, Prolamins, Seed storage proteins -
International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering, Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2020, PP 143 -171Amid the previous three decades, the topic of image processing has gained vital name and recognition among researchers because of their frequent look in varied and widespread applications within the field of various branches of science and engineering. As an example, image processing is helpful to issues in signature recognition, digital video processing, remote sensing and finance. Image processing models are used for detecting the face. The aim of this thesis is to solve the face-detection in the first attempt using the Haar-cascade classifier from images containing simple and complex backgrounds. It is one of the preeminent detectors in terms of reliability and speed. We introduced a new method to deal with the frontal face images by using a modified Haar cascade algorithm. By using this algorithm, we can detect the image as well as the coordinates. The main attraction of this paper is to solve different types of images having one object, two objects, and three objects which can’t be solved by any of the existing methods but can be solved by our proposed method.Keywords: Face Detection, Haar cascade classifier, OpenCV, NumPy, Python, Machine Learning
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International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering, Volume:9 Issue: 2, Spring 2020, PP 99 -113Nowadays, the control of the traffic in the urban roads and in the highway has been a big challenge as the number of increase in the auto mobiles. So to overcome this problem we use the detection and tracking the vehicles using the traffic surveillance system. We can manage and control the traffic more easily. It is very complicated and a challenging task to identify the vehicle or a moving object in a complex environment with various background. The ratio detected of such algorithms depends on the quality of the foreground mask generated. Therefore this project is to present the detection and tracking the vehicles and the pedestrians in an efficient method which focus on trajectory motion of the vehicles and the pedestrians. In this proposed method, the pixels in the background are preserved which can be cars, bikes, buses, pedestrian, etc., the rest is discarded as the noise. Hence, our proposed method detects the vehicles and the pedestrians as mentioned and discards the rest noise as well in the same time. Here the quality of the generated foreground mask is more to increase the detection ratio. The performance is compared with other standard methods qualitatively and quantitatively.Keywords: vehicles, pedestrians detection, Haar cascade classifier, OpenCV, NumPy, Python, Machine Learning
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International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering, Volume:9 Issue: 1, Winter 2020, PP 84 -98Nowadays, the recommendation system has made finding the things easy that we need. Movie recommendation systems aim at helping movie enthusiasts by suggesting what movie to watch without having to go through the long process of choosing from a large set of movies which go up to thousands and millions that is time consuming and confusing. In this article, our aim is to reduce the human effort by suggesting movies based on the user’s interests. To handle such problems, we introduced a model combining both content-based and collaborative approach. It will give progressively explicit outcomes compared to different systems that are based on content-based approach. Content-based recommendation systems are constrained to people, these systems don’t prescribe things out of the box, thus limiting your choice to explore more. Hence, we have focused on a system that resolves these issues.Keywords: Movie Recommendation, RATING, genre, recommender system, collaborative filtering
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International Journal of Research in Industrial Engineering, Volume:9 Issue: 1, Winter 2020, PP 46 -64Computer Vision is a field of study that helps to develop techniques to identify images and displays. It has various features like image recognition, object detection and image creation, etc. Object detection is used for face detection, vehicle detection, web images, and safety systems. Its algorithms are Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN), Faster-RCNN and You Only Look Once Method (YOLO) that have shown state-of-the-art performance. Of these, YOLO is better in speed compared to accuracy. It has efficient object detection without compromising on performance.Keywords: YOLO, Faster-RCNN, convolutional neural network, COCO
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First time, an analytical two-dimensional (2D) elasticity solution for arbitrarily supported axially functionally graded (FG) beam is developed. Linear gradation of the material property along the axis of the beam is considered. Using the strain displacement and constitutive relations, governing partial differential equations (PDEs) is obtained by employing Ressiner mixed variational principle. Then PDEs are reduced to two set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using recently developed extended Kantorovich method. The set of 4n ODEs along the z-direction has constant coefficients. But, the set of 4n nonhomogeneous ODEs along x-direction has variable coefficients which is solved using modified power series method. Efficacy and accuracy of the present methodology are verified thoroughly with existing literature and 2D finite element solution. Effect of axial gradation, boundary conditions and configuration lay-ups are investigated. It is found that axial gradation influence vary with boundary conditions. These benchmark results can be used for assessing 1D beam theories and further present formulation can be extended to develop solutions for 2D micro or Nanobeams.Keywords: Axially functionally graded, Two-Dimensional elasticity, Arbitrary supported, Extended Kantorovich method
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