فهرست مطالب f. salami

Malt beverage is one of the most popular drinks in the world. Recently, consumption of non-alcoholic beverages has expanded significantly in many countries. The permitted level of alcohol in malt beverage is less than 0.5% by Iranian National Standards. In this study, a method was developed to determine ethanol content in malt beverages by FTIR, equipped with Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance (H-ATR). Here, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) were 0.07% and 0.23%, respectively. The correlation coefficient of calibration curve was higher than 0.999. Fifty commercial malt beverages from six brands (five Iranian and one imported brand) and three types of flavored malt beverage (classic, equatorial, and lemon) were assessed. The average detected ethanol amount in samples was 0.19%, varying between 0.00-1.47percent. The results showed that the amount of ethanol in lemon malt drinks was more than the maximum permitted limit; that could be attributed to the usage of ethylene glycol for extraction of lemon flavor.

Exposure to and communication with peers who consume substances or tobacco creates special beliefs in individuals that lead to drug abuse tendencies. The aim of this study was prediction of substance use tendency based on the psychological family climate and the role of peer group in adolescent tobacco users.

The research method was descriptive and correlational type and the statistical population of the study was all male and female adolescents (13-19 years old) in the second half of 2016 which using cluster random sampling. First, Tehran divided into 5 geographical parts of north, south, west, east and center. Then from 22 areas of the municipality, regions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16 randomly were chosen and finally, 150 individuals were selected consciously. Data were collected using Addiction Susceptibility Questionnaire-Adolescents Version by Zeinali (2014); Affective Family Climate Scale by Hillburn 1964; Adolescent Affiliation with deviant Peers Scale by Paschal, Ringwalt & Flewelling (2003). After omission of 5 distorted questionnaires and 3 outlier subjects, data analysis was performed using analytical regression analysis.

The results of this study showed that affiliation with deviant peers positively and significantly predicts substance use tendency in adolescent tobacco users (β=0.364, P<0.01).

Relationship and friendship with deviant peers and inappropriate psychological family climate are effective factors for substance use tendency in adolescent tobacco users and prevention of smoking by adolescents is necessary.