gh r fallahi

The significant increase in the global population during the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century has had profound impacts on land-use planning and development. With the rapid population growth, rising from approximately 1.6 billion people at the start of the 20th century to over 7.5 billion in the early years of the 21st century, cities and urban areas have faced immense pressures. The primary goal of LAS (Land Administration Systems) is to support land markets and facilitate land management in both developed and developing countries. These systems play a vital role in securing ownership, protecting property rights, and facilitating land transactions, which in turn have a significant impact on economic growth and sustainable development. Cadastre is one of the main tools in land administration systems. Given the rapid growth of cities and the complexities arising from land use in urban environments, land information management has become more critical than ever before. In this study, the focus is on modeling underground features. The primary objective of this research is to explore different methods for modeling underground features and the use of appropriate standards for visualizing these features in a 3D cadastre. This research examines various data models and storage formats and ultimately aims to compare and select the best method for visualizing and displaying underground data in urban environments.

For the modeling of underground features, a needs assessment and the development of a conceptual model were first undertaken, followed by an examination of data models and data storage formats. Two main data models for modeling underground features in a 3D cadastre were considered: the IFC model and the CityGML model. In the context of 3D urban environment modeling, two important standards were introduced: IFC and CityGML. In this study, CityGML was selected as the appropriate standard for visualizing underground features. Finally, three CityGML encoding methods, including XML/GML, 3DCityDB, and CityJSON, were reviewed and compared. Among them, CityJSON was chosen as the preferred encoding method for data visualization.

The results of this study show that the development of a 3D model of urban wastewater infrastructure has clarified the relationship between underground infrastructure and land ownership. This modeling, in addition to identifying and visualizing the infrastructure, helps prevent potential damage and identifies weaknesses and vulnerabilities before problems occur. Furthermore, using this model enables analysis and urban planning for the future. The use of CityJSON, due to its simpler structure compared to XML, not only facilitates working with data but also reduces data volume and increases processing speed, making it a suitable tool for web developers and WebGIS projects.

The implementation of this approach in developing cities, especially in cities with complex infrastructures like Tehran, could revolutionize urban management and planning. Using 3D modeling of underground features and displaying them in the CityJSON format, compared to traditional 2D cadastral methods, provides new capabilities for land and underground resource management, aiding in decision-making for urban management.

of this Research is the study and evaluation of the relationship between vegetation area and water area with the number of birds in Band-e-Alikhan wetland between 2011 and 2015. Due to the importance of Band-e-Alikhan wetland as a seasonal wetland with fresh water, which is located 35 km south of Varamin city, it has been used as a study area. In the present study, first, the necessary pre-processing, ie radiometric corrections, which include atmospheric corrections, banding errors, etc., were performed on Landsat 7 and 8 images, and then the normalized differential plant index maps (NDVI) and water index. Normalized difference (NDWI) was generated using pre-processed images. Then, by examining the histogram of plant and water indicators produced for each year, the appropriate threshold for each index was selected and by limiting the threshold on plant and water indicators produced, vegetation and water area maps were obtained for the year, respectively. . Each year, the maps obtained by the reference data selected manually in this study by satellite imagery were evaluated, the results of which show that the average overall accuracy and capability coefficient of vegetation surface extraction and of water over five years, with89/37% and 81/89%, which demonstrates the successful extraction of these parameters are. By obtaining the effective parameters, ie the level of vegetation and water, between the number of birds and the effective parameters of linear regression, two variables were formed and its coefficients were estimated by the least squares method. The results of studies and evaluations show that the model and regression formed between the number of birds and the parameters of vegetation surface and water area have a coefficient of determination of 0.861 and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.582 and indicate the appropriate fit of regression. Then, by the obtained coefficients and regression, the number of birds in 1394 was estimated using the level of vegetation and water area of the same year and was compared with the actual amount of birds in 1394, the results of which showed that the bird population is 93 . 1. It is predicted. The results also show that changes in the environmental conditions of the wetland provide a clear response to changes in bird populations and bird migration.