h. talebi

 In the last few decades, due to process of shifting from traditional activities and based on manual activities to industrial ones, the need for using oil and coal and its derivatives has increased. Using these materials has caused some problems for environment as hydro carbon contamination. Soil is a major contributor to the various kinds of pollution, especially hydro carbon pollution. Due to the importance of soil in the life cycles and its vitally direct and indirect influence on all the organisms and human being, elimination of this pollutant is necessary. For this reason, some different methods have been developed. In this research, capability of soil washing by sodium dodecyl sulfate ionic detergent has been measured. In order to fulfill the existing necessity and solve this problem, a wide-ranging effort has been started from the past until now, which can be referred to the issue of washing contaminated soil as one of the issues raised. At the beginning of this technology, washing with pure water was considered and after a while, it was invalidated due to inefficiency in the tested cases. With advances in this emerging technology, the discussion of stronger solvents was explored, in which detergents became more attractive due to their lower potential toxicity and environmental degradability. Actually, the effect of major parameters on removing the hydrocarbons has been investigated and in this research has been afforded to purify polluted soil with creosote by considering actual conditions in industry.

 The first sample has been taken from original soil of Razi industrial estate. It has coarse sandy loam texture with 31% clay, 11% silt and 57% of sand, pH equal 7, organic matter amount 2.3 % weight and density equal 1/8 gram per m3. Therefore, pure soil was extracted from 6 layers of soil to the depth of 0.5 m from Razi industrial area in Isfahan. Then, it was mixed by a concrete mixer specific to the block making. Afterwards, creosote was added evenly during stirring so the soil was contaminated deliberately. After storing in the laboratory for 3 weeks and homogeneity, the initial sample was chosen and its contamination was measured. This measurement was based on the amount of added oil to the certain volume of soil (about 30000 milligram in each kilogram). For avoiding error and having assurance from the amount of initial contamination, the sample was transferred to the laboratory and 25 gr of it was taken. Its hydrocarbon texture was extracted by solvent and its polar compositions were removed by passing on the silica gel absorbent. Then, a hydrocarbon was measured. The real pollutant amount of sample was 26776 milligram in each kilogram of soil. Secondary samples were chosen from basic sample, these chosen samples were washed under the different planned conditions. After finishing several complementary washing stages in different conditions, the soil samples remaining from washing were dried under different conditions. Then the amount of remained contamination in each sample was measured and recorded separately. At the next stage, the recorded results were analyzed. Stay time, temperature, pollutant concentration and washer concentration has been chosen as variable parameters.

 According to the results, washing by pure water and temperature of 30°C would not be successful but by increasing temperature, the removing efficiency increased. Increasing temperature to 90°C increased the efficiency up to 18.5%. In addition, adding detergent to the environment increased the success of this method in reducing sample pollution. Increasing efficiency up to 4 g/L of detergent increased the efficiency up to 40% directly, but there was no significant change for increasing more than this amount. At this stage, the results showed that in the presence of detergent, increasing temperature caused to increase efficiency directly. The only difference was that increasing temperature (without detergent) increased efficiency directly, but in presence of detergent, increasing efficiency was significance up to 50% and after that it increased very slightly. The last studied parameter was time. These changes included increasing efficiency due to increasing time from 10 min to 20 min. Removing pollutant efficiency has been reduced by increasing time. Under all optimum conditions, in temperature of 90°C for 20 minutes and 4 g/L surfactant, Hydrocarbon removing efficiency was 61%. The economically optimum temperature is 50oC with regard to economical cases and the slight difference resulting from increase of temperature from 50 to 90°C.

 Generally, the results revealed the suitability of ionic sodium dodecyl sulfate for cleaning soil under conditions of contamination. But 39 % of pollutant in polluted soil after washing by considering optimal conditions has been reminded. It must be mentioned that due to inefficiency of this amount of contamination reduction from contaminated soils for the discharge of these soils into the environment, this method can be introduced as a pollution reduction or a method for pretreatment of complementary methods.

In this paper, the effect of two-step precipitation hardening on the mechanical properties of Al-3.7Cu-1Mg was investigated. For this meaning, some specimens were subjected to the first step aging at 175, 190 and 205°C for 2 h, once the samples solution treated at 500°C. To have stable precipitates uniformly distributed in the microstructure and to reduce the heat treatment time, the second step was implied at 65°C. The tensile and hardness tests were performed at ambient temperature immediately after aging. The results indicated that depending on the first step temperature, the second aging time affects the alloy mechanical behavior in different aspects. A factor named SNMP introduced to determine the cycle giving the best mechanical properties. The strength and elongation increase 1.5 and 2 times respectively; compared to the values reported in the DIN EN 755-2 standard by performing the two-step aging cycle, consisting of the first-stage at 175°C and the second step at 65°C for 10 hours. Moreover, using the proposed two-step aging, the heat treatment time was reduced considerably compared to the conventional precipitation hardening process.

Islamic motifs are a set of motifs and pictorial elements that have gradually lost their naturalism form and have continued in an abstract form. Islamic motifs have different types of plants, geometric, writing, etc. that have roots in pre-Islamic historical periods and with the transmutation that has taken place in these designs, its variety, elegance and complexity have increased over time. One of the most basic principles of these designs is abstraction, abstraction and perfect rhythmic repetition of surfaces. Relying on the admirable richness in form and meaning in various fields, these designs have been able to carry awesome spiritual values ​​for the audience. Undoubtedly, the use of elements that have aesthetic and identity criteria in beautification, urban furniture, push citizens to preserve their identity and religion. One of the problems that modern societies are suffered from is the separation of man from the spiritual foundations and the focus on the material aspects of life. modern cities are aliens with environments and spaces that have induction a spirituality message and meaning. Cities lack of spiritual and believable values, as well as indigenous and local features and characteristics, and the lack of criteria based on theoretical foundations derived from Islamic-Iranian culture have predominated in all their elements and components. Also, Islamic cities whose physical appearance is reminiscent of the Islamic identity of their inhabitants, as a symbol of Islamic thought and thought should be a representation of religious symbols, because Muslims live in a city, it cannot be considered an Islamic city. Rather, an Islamic city is a place where its appearance and body show that it is Islamic. In a better interpretation, its architecture and design and decoration should be interpreted as the habitat of Muslims based on the characteristics and symbols of Islam. In the contemporary era, one of the arts that has been able to have a great influence on upgrading the visual and intellectual culture of citizens is environmental graphics. Environmental graphics as a medium and effective visual factor in urban environments with high potential in facilitating communication and creating a visual identity is one of the influential components of urban arts. Environmental graphics are very effective in identifying urban environments readable and are assured tool for urban design. Images of the role on the wall are effective and the view of the urban area in making the urban environment meaningful; The city is a great means of mass communication that people read about its appearance and landscape; in addition to informing, environmental graphics, should provide visual enhancement and beautification qualities of urban area. The capacity, cultural and religious function of these motifs is such that they can be easily used in different fields after centuries. Undoubtedly, the use of these elements in urban beautification propels citizens to preserve their religious personality.  On the contrary, the use of elements derived from non-indigenous cultures brings nothing but confusion and anonymity and it quickly empty society of cultural originality. In the contemporary era, one of the arts that has been able to have an important impact on raising the intuitive and intellectual culture of citizens is environmental graphics. Environmental graphics as a media and one of the effective visual factors has great potential in facilitating communication and creating a visual identity that influences urban art.  This study surveys the capabilities of Islamic motifs, to answer these questions. What intuitive and conceptual capabilities do Islamic motifs have? How are Islamic motifs used in urban graphics? In this research, an attempt is made to study the capability of Islamic motifs and its effect on the graphics of contemporary Islamic cities. The research method is applied, descriptive and analytical. Collection of data in the form of a library and case studies is through internet image search. Based on the studies conducted, the results indicate that Islamic motifs have a high intuitive and conceptual capability. Due to the intuitive quality and concepts latent in Islamic motifs, their use in beautification and graphics of Islamic cities leads to the transfer of its identity. Islamic motifs as one of the components of Islamic art in the field of transfer meaning to society and its relationship with important fields of art such as environmental graphics show that these motifs can play a role in recreating and representing the values ​​of Islamic culture. The use of Islamic designs, decorative elements and other symbols that represent Islamic identity have the ability to transfer Islamic identity and values ​​to the viewer by the standards of modern art in the perception of the urban environment as a symbol of the Islamic city and religion, and create attachment between citizens and urban environment.

Calligraphy is one of the earliest, most creative and invaluable Iranian arts which has undergone many developments. In the history of Iranian calligraphy, Siyah Mashq is one of the fundamental developments which started its progress before the Qajar era, especially in the Safavid era, and flourished significantly during the Qajar period. "Siyah Mashq" is a calligraphic form that could be associated with the components of modernism, reflected in the works of Qajar calligraphers such as Mirza Gholamreza Isfahani, Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor, Mir Hossein Turk and Mirza Kazem. On the other hand, the abstract expressionism that emerged in the post-World War II era in the United States may be regarded as one of the latest art forms in the West influencing Iranian calligraphy and painter artists. This art movement which is a kind of pattern-free painting, lacks basic forms while utilizing a spontaneous, dynamic and free-spirited style. The strange affinity of the black practice with the abstract expressionism grown rapidly in the West, made some Iranian calligraphers and painters combine their own manuscripts with modernism and use their visual culture as well as the products of expressionism. So, they created a new style of art. From the artistic point of view, calligraphy from of Mir Emad period, so far, has experienced little development and nothing new has been said in Nastaaliq calligraphy except for the Siyah Mashq. From the emergence of today's Siyah Mashq, another artistic development has taken place in Nastaliq, the emergence of modern calligram and graphic calligraphic effects that has opened a new era. Many secrets lie in letters and words, which are revealed in the calligram. Siyah Mashq is in fact the way of the art of calligraphy to this day. The way in which a new word comes up. Calligraphic graphic may seem canvassing, but from the evolvement point of view, it is an inevitable and algebraic evolutionary movement in order to link to traditional calligraphy with today’s modern art. The purpose of this article is to examine the common and diversified aspects of Qajar Siyah Mashq and the abstract expressionism in painting and the attempt is made to answer the following questions: 1. What are the visual features of Qajar Siyah Mashq and the abstract expressionism in painting? 2. What are the universal aspects of the Qajar artists and the abstract expressionists in the painting? Undoubtedly, the world of Iranian calligraphies and paintings is not incompatible with the abstract expressionism of the West. Considering the influence of these two works of art on the formation of a group of works of contemporary Iranian artists, the study and recognition of the commonalities between these two streams is very significant and contemplative; and to distinguish between Siyah Mashq calligraphy and abstract expressionism paintings. It is noteworthy that although some research has been done in this area, the comparison of the two artistic fields is a subject that has not been addressed in other studies. The research follows a descriptive, analytical and comparative method and data gathering developed through library study and referring to the video resources. According to the studies conducted, the research findings demonstrate that sharp contrasts, shades, blacks and whites, positive and negative spaces and using spiritual colors and combinations based on classic golden proportions and aesthetics are of common aspects in the Qajar Siyah Mashq. Also, using the physical colors, modern and inexperienced compositions, are among the differences found between these two styles. Semantically, Siyah Mashq roots in mystics and originates from the inner peace, however, the abstract expressionism relies on the spiritual influence and emotional reactions.

Consider a Bayesian optimal design with many support points which poses the problem of collecting data with a few number of observations at each design point. Under such a scenario the asymptotic property of using Fisher information matrix for approximating the covariance matrix of posterior ML estimators might be doubtful. We suggest to use Bhattcharyya matrix in deriving the information matrix, led to modified Bayesian D-optimal criterion. This criterion is used to obtain optimal design for logistic model. It is shown that the resulting optimal design is more efficient than design given by Chaloner and Larentz (1989) using ordinary Bayesian D-optimal criterion.

The problem of obtaining the optimum design، which is able to discriminate between several rival models has been considered in this paper. We give an optimality-criterion، using a Bayesian approach. This is an extension of the Bayesian KL-optimality to more than two models. A modification is made to deal with nested models. The proposed Bayesian optimality criterion is a weighted average، where the weights are corresponding probabilities of models to let them be true. We consider these probabilities coming from a Poisson distribution.

Older adults show many difficulties of speech perception in noisy situations due to peripheral and central auditory impairments، and cognitive dysfunctions. One of the most common rehabilitative procedures for older adults with hearing loss is amplification. However، there is some evidence of dissatisfaction of amplification in older adults. Methods & Materials: We assessed cognitive station، central auditory function، and satisfaction of 19 participants with hearing aids using mini-mental state examination (MMSE)، dichotic digits test (DDT)، and the satisfaction with amplification in daily life scale respectively. Our cases had moderate sensory hearing loss in both ears.

Kruskal-Wallis statistics showed significant correlation between cognitive impairments (MMSE scores) and satisfaction of amplification (p<0. 05). In contrast، there was not significant correlation between DDT and satisfaction of amplification (p>0. 05).

We showed central auditory processing impairments in hearing impaired older adults with cognitive dysfunctions. It is indicated that older adults with hearing loss might have cognitive impairments inducing dissatisfaction of amplification.