issa amini

In our country, a lawyer as a representative is listed under an establishment, and it is necessary to distinguish between the profession of legal representation and other ordinary representation. In western countries, these two are separated and the simultaneous use of two models of representation is prohibited. This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. Its purpose is to compare the Islamic-Iranian model of advocacy with its western model. It was concluded that the common law of most western countries did not provide a definition of representation and left this important to the executive process. Therefore, at the place of execution, the difference between the two types of attorneys is evident and the simultaneous use of judicial and civil attorneys is prohibited. As a result, the possibility of lawyers abusing their powers has decreased, which is considered a preventive measure against crime. Influenced by the Islamic-Iranian model of our country, according to the respectable jurists, a definition of advocacy has been implemented, and there is no definition of the profession of advocacy in other legal sources. Therefore, in the first place, it is necessary to state the exact definition of legal representation and then separate their nature and legal effects from each other. The executive system of our country is not able to influence the subject's rights like the western executive system.

In the present work, the adsorption of dimethyl fumarate drug (DMF) on g-C3N4 was studied using periodic and non-periodic density functional theory (DFT). PBE-D3/DNP and B3LYP-D3/6-31G(d) levels of theory were employed for periodic and non-periodic calculations, respectively. The calculated CS2, OCS, and CH3SH adsorption energies were obtained to be −4.35, −5.82, and −8.58 Kcal/mol. The interactions of dimethyl fumarate drug (DMF) with g-C3N4 were characterized by NBO second-order perturbation theory and quantum theory of atom in molecule (QTAIM). The bandgap energies and work function of g-C3N4 and its complexes with dimethyl fumarate drug (DMF) were extracted from their band structures. The CS2 and OCS adsorptions didn’t significantly alter the bandgap and work function of g-C3N4. Therefore, g-C3N4 is not a proper sensor for detecting CS2 and OCS. The bandgap and work function of g-C3N4 were averagely changed by 18% and 2.7%, respectively, after CH3SH adsorption. Accordingly, g-C3N4 may use as a suitable sensor for detecting CH3SH based on electronic conductivity and work function.

DFT studies were performed to evaluate the interaction between the H2S gas and the surface of a Carbon NanoCone (CNC) decorated with a boron atom as a chemical sensor. The optimized and electronic characteristics of pristine CNC, H2S gas, A and B configurations showed that the pristine CNC wasn’t a good candidate to sense the H2S gas and consequently, its electrical properties are changed insignificantly. To improve the properties of the CNC, several strategies were tried: functionalizing by pyridinol (Pyr) and pyridinol oxide (PyrO) and decorated with metals (M= B, Al, Ga, Mg, and Sc). The obtained data demonstrated that promising results were obtained by decorating the CNC with a boron atom. After full optimization, we achieved two stable configurations between the H2S gas and CNC/B structure (C and D configurations) with Eads= -10.16 and -11.36 kcal/mol using B3LYP/6-311+G(d) level of theory, respectively. The electronic properties of the CNC/B structure are meaningfully changed after the H2S molecule is adsorbed. According to the calculation, the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO orbitals of C and D configurations is decreased which could be applied to a chemical signal. Eventually, we concluded that the CNC/B structure could be a potential sensor for the detection of H2S gas, and decorated with boron atoms is a promising strategy.

In this research, design and synthesis of Fe3O4@APTES@MOF-199magnetic nanocatalyst nanoparticles as a novel, recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst was developed. The magnetic nanocatalyst was analyzed using various spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The particle size of the nanocatalyst is about 15-96 nm. In addition, magnetic nanocatalysts have been successfully applied to the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives with a range of derivatives. The crude compounds were isolated in 84-97% yields. The recyclability of the catalyst was evaluated up to 5 times, with no loss in catalysis activity.

Silica supported 1-(2-(sulfooxy)ethyl)pyridin-1-ium chloride has been explored as highly efficient catalyst for reactions under mild and green conditions for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives. The green and mild methods offer appealing attributes such as use of a recyclable, use of EtOH as green solvent and 60 °C condition, short reaction times, a simple workup and high yield of the products.

In this research study, acidic ionic liquid based silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles [Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-Py]HSO4as an efficient and reusable magnetic nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized using the FT-IR, TEM, VSM, XRD, and TGA analysis. The catalytic performance of the [Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-Py]HSO4was evaluated towards the regioselective thiocyanation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds with KSCN as a thiocyanate source afforded the corresponding aryl and heteroaryl thiocyanates derivatives 2a-n at room temperature in H2O2 as a clean oxidant and ethanol as a green solvent. A broad range of products 2a-n was synthesized high yields (up to yield 97%) under the mild reaction conditions.

In this study, we synthesized Ag supported on hydroxyapatite-core-shell-γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (γ-Fe2O3@HAp-Ag NPs) as a new, lewis acid, and reusable heterogeneous nancatalyst. Then, it was successfully used for the synthesis of β-azido alcohols and β-thiocyanohydrins from the regioselective conversation of some epoxides by azide and thiocyanate anions in water. The reaction afforded the corresponding products with high regioselectivity under mild reaction conditions.

Iso-butyric acid as a new, simple, and expensive solvent/catalyst was successfully used for the chemoselective Fischer’s synthesis of indolenines derivatives 3a-r by one-pot condensation reaction of various phenylhydrazines 1a-e with the substituted acetophenones 2a-c at reflux conditions. In this protocol, all products 3a-r were obtained in high yields and short reaction time. The structures of the product were established with spectroscopic data of 1H NMR, 13C-NMR, and FT-IR.

A simple, highly efficient and green procedure for the condensation of aryl and alkyl 1,2-diamines with α-diketones in the presence of catalytic amount of boron sulfonic acid (BSA) and silica trimethyl borat (STMB) and silica triisopropyl borate (STIPB), as two novel heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysts at room temperature, is described. In this method, we proved that the BrØnsted acidic power of boron sulfonic acid (BSA) is more important than its Lewis acidity. Using this method, quinoxaline derivatives as biologically interesting compounds are produced in high to excellent yields.

A mild and efficient one-pot protocol for the preparation of symmetrical trithiocarbonates using potassium carbonate and carbon disulfide in DMF has been developed. This protocol is mild and efficient compared to other reported methods.A mild and efficient one-pot protocol for the preparation of symmetrical trithiocarbonates using potassium carbonate and carbon disulfide in DMF has been developed. This protocol is mild and efficient compared to other reported methods.

A quantitative structure–retention relation (QSRR) study was conducted on the retention times of 160 pesticides and 25 environmental organic pollutants in wine and grape. The genetic algorithm was used as descriptor selection and model development method. Modeling of the relationship between selected molecular descriptors and retention time was achieved by linear (partial least square; PLS) and nonlinear (kernel PLS: KPLS and Levenberg-Marquardt artificial neural network; L-M ANN) methods. The QSRR models were validated by cross-validation as well as application of the models to predict the retention of external set compounds, which did not have contribution in model development steps. Linear and nonlinear methods resulted in accurate prediction whereas more accurate results were obtained by L-M ANN model. The best model obtained from L-M ANN showed a good R2 value (determination coefficient between observed and predicted values) for all compounds, which was superior to those of other statistical models. This is the first research on the QSRR of the compounds in wine and grape against the retention time using the GA-KPLS and L-M ANN.

A simple, highly efficient and green procedure for the condensation of aryl and alkyl 1,2-diamines with α-diketones in the presence of catalytic amount of silica boron sulfonic acid (SBSA) at room temperature is described. By Using this method, quinoxaline derivatives as biologically interesting compounds are produced in high to excellent yields and short reaction times.