mohamad hasanzadeh

wife and family; An important principle in the Islamic jurisprudence system, whose effective effects on the society have separated it from other related issues. In the meantime, the process of annulment of marriage or divorce with all its aspects is more important than other issues of this law. Talaq Khula, which today has received many legal appeals in family courts, is subject to substantive analysis due to the widespread prevalence of it in the society. Among the things that can be considered is the meaning of valid disgust in it from the side of the wife. Contrary to the popular opinion and text of the later jurisprudence books as well as the civil law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, what is stated in the narrations and the evidences for the derivation of jurisprudence is not hatred in the literal sense of the unmarried wife's hatred of her husband, and the hatred is not due to the non-observance of marital duties. Also, the non-establishment of divine limits on the part of the wife is a matter of opinion. Since the following analysis is without any research related to its topic, it has shown manifestations of the dynamism and innovation of Jafari's jurisprudence and has opened a new path in relation to the establishment and amendment of civil laws regarding divorce.

Iran’s commercial laws are a codified set of do’s and don’ts for commercial business activities. These laws have always been important to scientific societies due to the high incidence of the citizens’ society [what is meant here?]. Since the business system of Muslims is intended by the holy sharī’ah, the set of commercial laws of Iran are also not oblivious to the inclusion of sharīʻah and considers it necessary to adapt these laws to the jurisprudence standards because Islam considers itself to have a comprehensive and universal plan for all human issues. Since commercial laws regarding business affairs are derived from French secular law and approved by the National Consultative Assembly, the need for jurisprudential analysis of these laws will be considered a serious demand. What is included in the limited space of this study is the jurisprudential analysis of limited liability in the affairs of companies, which has not been mentioned in any jurisprudential research paper. Now, according to the interpretation of Article 94 of Iran’s Commercial Law, in limited liability companies, the partners are only obligated to the creditors according to the amount of their capital in the company, in this case, if the company’s debt exceeds the partners’ capital, the creditors will never get all their rights. Now, it should be stated that what motivates the author to write this study is the clear discrepancy between the contents of this Article of the Commercial Law with the holy sharīʻah and with the generalities of the evidence of the obligation to pay the debt, which, of course, due to analytical remarks, there will be no way to allocate these generalities. Thus, what will be possible is the obligation to pay the debts of the company’s creditors to the extent of all the assets of the company’s owners. The theory of limited liability and the commitment of its partners to the amount of their initial registered capital in the company, which is part of Iran’s Commercial Law, has clear jurisprudential differences and obvious contradictions. This research paper is developmental based on the intended goals and descriptive based on its need for hypothesis.

The areas of natural resources and vegetation in the Taft and Mehriz townships in recent decades have undergone changes due to its close proximity to the capital of Yazd province. The purpose of this study is to assess the extent and direction and prediction of land and vegetation changes in these two cities. In this study, Landsat 5 (1998, 2004 and 2008) and Landsat 8 (2017) satellite images in the period from May to June was used. Modeling land use/land cover changes were carried out based on supervised classification. The process of changes was analyzed using land change modeling and perceptron neural network method. The results showed that 3% (558.8 ha) of land and vegetation cover of Taft to Bayer and 1.3% (209.9 ha) were added to the urban lands and reduced from the lands of gardens by 4.3% (559.2 ha), this is the highest rating. The amount of 2.8% (678.8 ha) of land and vegetation in Mehriz Bayer and 1.7% (184 ha) has been changed to urban residential land. In terms of urban expansion, Mehriz has had the highest amount of reducing vegetation. The results show that land use and land cover changes in Taft city where more than Mehriz city so that most of these changes were related to gardens, but in terms of area of land use and land use conversion in Mehriz city has the highest value More intense.