mohammad-afzal
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Background
The use of medicinal plants in modern medicine for the prevention and treatment of cancer is an important aspect. For this reason, it is important to identify antitumor promoting agents present in medicinal plants commonly used by the human population.
Materials and MethodsWe used in vivo and in vitro methods using chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and replication index (RI) as markers, exposed by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) as well as alcoholic extract of Alstonia scholaris in five increasing concentrations (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 mg/kg body weight for in vivo and 150, 200, 250 and 300 μg/ml of culture) and of three different durations of 24, 48 and 72 h in the presence as well absence of S9 mix.
ResultsExtracts of Alstonia reduces the total aberrant cells ranges from 10.0% to 41.84% and frequencies of aberration in the aberrant cells ranges from 220 to 124 against 290 aberrations causes due to MMS in vivo. Similarly in the in vitro, it reduces CAs (39.62%, 32.83%, and 38.48%) and (45.31%, 44.46%, and 38.34%) at 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure respectively; in the absence as well as presence of liver S9 fraction. It also reduces SCE from 7.70 to 4.20 per cell and enhances RI from 1.45 to 1.64.
ConclusionExtracts of Alstonia significantly reduces the number of aberrant cells and frequency of aberration per cell at each concentration and duration of exposure in vivo; and CAs and SCE in vitro and enhances RI.
Keywords: Alstonia scholaris, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antitumor, ayurvedic medicine, chromosomal aberration -
BackgroundThe ability to taste Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), a bitter organic compound, described as a bimodal autosomal trait is widely used to know the heritable trait in both genetic and anthropological studies. The present study was carried out to analyze the prevalence of PTC taste sensitivity and to determine the gene frequencies among some Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, India. This study has some physiological relevance to highlight the adaptability of endogamous groups to behavioral traits in the same place.MethodsUnrelated, healthy individuals of both sexes (Male-403, Female-418) belonging to different populations of Uttar Pradesh, India were randomly selected with the age range of 16-45 years observed for phenylthiocarbamide to taste sensitivity. PTC tasting ability was measured by using a serial dilution method of Harris and Kalmus.ResultsThe phenotypic frequency of tasters was higher as compared to non-tasters, and the same is statistically significant (χ2= 11.92, df = 5, P = 0.036). There were more females among tasters (67.94%) than males (64.76%). This observation was statistically significant (χ2 = 14.79, df = 5, P= 0.011).ConclusionThe frequency of PTC tasters is greater than non-tasters and the females have lower non-taster phenotypes as compared to males. This type of study will provide background information about genetic structure of population and serves as useful interaction of genetics, food preferences and dietary patterns.Keywords: Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), Serial dilution method, Threshold distribution, Gene frequency, Indian Muslims
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BackgroundColor blindness is a common X-linked genetic disorder. However, most of color blinds remain undetected due to absence of proper screening. Our study was to determine the prevalence of red-green color vision defects among Manipuri Muslim males and females. The study could help in decreasing birth of children with this disorder as Muslims commonly perform consanguineous marriage among themselves.MethodsUnrelated individuals of both sexes (Male-1352, Female-1302) belonging to six different populations were randomly selected and screened for red-green color vision defects using the Ishihara (pseudo-isochromatic plates) test from the area of Imphal East and Imphal west districts of Manipur, which is a small hilly state, situated in the north eastern extreme corner of India sharing an international boundary with Myanmar (Burma).ResultsAbout 8.73% of males and 1.69% of females were found to be color blind. Among six different populations studied the males of Meitei population shows the highest frequency i.e. 14.93% while Naga population shows the least frequency of 3.75%. Among females, Meitei population again shows the highest frequency of 2.5% and least frequency is shown by Mughal and Naga populations 0.00% as not a single female color blind was found.ConclusionPresent study shows higher prevalence rate of color blindness as compared to other reported rates of India. Deuteranomaly cases occur in higher percentage than other types of color blindness. The higher prevalence rate observed in Muslims may be due to the hidden effect of consanguineous marriages.Keywords: Color blindness, Ishihara color test, Manipur, Allele frequency, Protan, Deutan, India
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BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a plus stranded RNA virus which encodes 10 different genes. The HCV NS5B gene encodes a polymerase, which is responsible for the replication of the virus and is a potential target for the development of antiviral agents. HCV has a high mutation rate and is classified into six major genotypes..ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to draw a representing consensus sequence of each HCV genotype, align all six consensus sequences to draw a global consensus sequence and also study the highly conserved residues..Materials And Methods236 HCV NS5B sequences, belonging to all six genotypes, reported from all over the world were aligned then a representing phylogenetic tree wasdrawn..ResultsThe active site residues D220, D225, D318 and D319, which bind the divalent cations, are highly conserved among all the HCV genotypes. The other catalytic pocket residues, R158, S367, R386, and T390 and R394, which interact with the triphosphate of NTPs, are also highly conserved while T390 is mutated to valine in the genotype 5. The motif B residues G283, T286, T287 and N291, which take part in sugar selection by RdRp, are also highly conserved except for T286 which is mutated to proline in the genotypes 3 and 6. The residues E18, Y191, C274, Y276 and H502, which take part in primer/template interaction, are also high conserved except for H502 which is mutated to serine in genotype 2. High variation in all the six consensus sequences was observed in a 12 amino acid beta hairpin loop, which interacts with the double stranded RNA. Nine different peptides from the highly conserved regions of HCV NS5B protein were drawn which can be used as a peptide vaccine. The HCV NS5B phylogenetic tree shows the clusters of different genotypes and their evolutionary association..ConclusionsIn spite of a high mutation rate in HCV, the residues which are present in the catalytic pocket, sugar selection and template/primer interaction are highly conserved. These are target sites for the development of antiviral agents or peptide vaccines. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that different HCV genotypes have been evolved from the genotype 1a.
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Background
Gutkha is a cheap and convenient betel quid substitute, which is popular among all age groups. Various studies reveal its carcinogenic nature that leads to oral submucosus fibrosis and increases the chances of oral cancer. The micronucleus (MN) assay in exfoliated mucosal cells is a useful method for observing genetic damage in humans.
AimTo observe the genotoxic effect of gutkha on human buccal epithelial cells.
Materials and MethodsThe MN assay was performed to assess the frequency of MN in human buccal epithelial cells. The study comprises 60 individuals of which 30 individuals were gutkha chewers and another 30 were nonusers (control). The MN frequency was scored to estimate the genotoxic damage.
ResultsIn gutkha users, the frequency of MN was highly significant (17.4 ± 0.944) as compared with nonusers (control) groups (4.53 ± 0.331) (P < 0.001).
ConclusionsThe MN assay in human buccal epithelial cells is a useful and minimally invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in humans. A significantly higher frequency of micronucleated cells are found among gutkha users.
Keywords: Buccal, epithelial cells, gutkha, micronuclei
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