mohmmedjavad pourabed

Muhammad Ali Jamal-Zadeh’s linguistic and literary views as the pioneer of the Persian short story in the introduction to his short story collection entitled “Yeki Boud, Yeki Naboud” contains concepts, the most important of which is the concept of “literary democracy,” which many critics considered “the manifesto of the new Persian literature.” The ease of understanding for the general public, the use of the vernacular language, the selection of ordinary narrative characters from the people of the street and the market and from different classes of society, describing the people’s customs and traditions, the simplicity and smoothness of writing, the strengthening of the classical language, the preservation of linguistic heritage, etc., are the most important manifestations of literary democracy that Jamal-Zadeh referred to in his This statement. Such opinions can be deduced from the works of the great Arab writer and leader of the Arabic short story, Mikhail Naima, and her linguistic and literary opinions. we seek to study the central concepts of Jamal-Zadeh’s narrative introduction to the literary and linguistic viewpoints of Michael Noaimeh, based on the descriptive-analytical approach and the comparative theory based on a pre-disciplinary vision . The results of the research showed that we can derive the central concepts of literary democracy in the linguistic and literary views of Michael Naima, with the difference that Naima’s views were not collected in a specific work, but rather dispersed in most of his works and can be deduced by reading his various works.

"Cultural criticism" examines the meanings that the writer conveys and conceals behind the text. One of the poets whose ideological patterns we found in their poems, especially those related to resistance, is the poet Salem bin Ali Al-Owais. He used multiple cultural patterns in his texts. We studied these patterns through cultural criticism and a descriptive-analytical approach. It became clear to us that the poet wrote these poems in support of and belief in resistance in difficult circumstances where calls for normalization with the Zionist entity were prevalent. The study of ideological patterns in the resistance poems of the poet Al-Owais revealed the unconscious rebellion hidden behind the poetic structure and unveiled what lies beyond the aesthetics of the text by delving behind the words. The implicit pattern did not adopt a single-meaning connotation but carried multiple patterns, including the pattern of heroism that showed positive values such as courage, nobility, and resistance, the pattern of marginalization that highlighted the exclusion of the Palestinian people from their rights, the pattern of threats and intimidation that expressed feelings of fear and intimidation in the hearts of enemies, and the pattern of humiliation and disgrace that reflected the Arab nations' betrayal towards the Palestinian cause.Keywords:Cultural criticism, literary criticism, ideological patterns, resistance, Salem bin Ali Al-Owais.IntroductionCultural criticism is the analysis and study of cultural works from their intellectual, social, and political aspects. When it comes to resistance poetry, the ideological patterns in these poems can be analyzed in light of cultural criticism as follows: - Political and social awareness: Resistance poems reflect the political and social awareness of the poet and the society they live in.-Revolutionary values: Resistance poems emphasize revolutionary values and resistance against colonization and occupation.-National belonging: Resistance poems express national belonging, love for the country, and sacrifice for it.- Human rights: Resistance poems discuss human rights issues and condemn violations and injustices against individuals and nations. Analyzing the ideological patterns in resistance poems through cultural criticism helps in understanding the poet's message and its impact on society and history. Since cultural criticism is considered a postmodern wave that reveals various issues, we found it worthy of research and study. We decided to adopt it in our study of the poems of the poet Salem Bin Ali Al-Owais. After exploring Al-Owais's poetry, we found three resistance poems that are worth researching and studying due to their ideological patterns. We chose four research axes, namely the masculine pattern, the pattern of marginalization and exclusion, the pattern of humiliation and degradation, and the pattern of threats and intimidation.Materials&MethodsIn this study, we will examine the ideological patterns in the poems of resistance by poet Salem bin Ali Al-Owais, using a descriptive-analytical methodology. Dicussion&resultPattern ConceptThe term "pattern" is used in public and private discourse, as well as in literary texts in literature, referring to what adheres to a single system. It may be synonymous with the meaning of structure or system. Arab researchers have strived to design their own concept of patterns, and we find that the definitions may not align with this field. The concept of structure can encompass the interpretation of the pattern of literary discourse, with all its formal and aesthetic characteristics. Ideology ConceptMany researchers and scholars have differed in the semantic meaning of the concept of ideology, each defining it according to their own perspective. It has been utilized by thinkers, philosophers, and researchers in various fields of knowledge. Despite its widespread use, it has remained shrouded in mystery and instability. Abdullah Al-Arwi used the concept of ideologies in three meanings: first, what is reflected in the mind from the distorted conditions of reality under the influence of concepts used; second, an intellectual pattern aimed at concealing a reality that is difficult and sometimes impossible to analyze; third, a borrowed theory that has not yet fully materialized in the society that borrowed it. Cultural CriticismIn literature, there are various types of criticism used to analyze and evaluate literary texts. Literary criticism differs fundamentally from cultural criticism, as cultural criticism is one of the postmodern waves that views texts equally without distinguishing between what is elite and what is popular. Hence, the most important function of Arab cultural criticism is to uncover patterns, a task that is not easy. Therefore, cultural criticism needs a critic capable of delving beneath the superficial layer, which often carries an aesthetic aspect, to reach the implicit pattern. Conclusion- The implicit pattern in Al-Owais's ideological discourse exhibited flexibility, not adopting a single meaning but carrying multiple meanings due to its interaction with the Palestinian issue and its multifaceted dimensions.- Ideological discourse may draw on religion, economy, history, or political organization, as seen in Al-Owais's texts related to resistance.- Patterns present compelling ideas and link cultural patterns with ideology, shaping the intellectual perception of both the implicit and explicit aspects of the poem.- The pattern of courage in Al-Owais's ideological discourse revealed a system of positive values produced by the culture of the Palestinian people, such as bravery, nobility, resistance, and sacrifice.- The pattern of exclusion and marginalization in resistance poems expressed the exclusion and marginalization of the Palestinian people from their rights.- The pattern of threat and intimidation in ideological discourse conveyed feelings of fear and intimidation among enemies through the use of warning connotations to act as a deterrent to the occupying entity in Jerusalem.- The pattern of humiliation and disgrace in resistance poems expressed the poet's feelings of some Arab nations' betrayal towards the Palestinian cause and a sense of humiliation towards the enemy despite the heroism and illustrious history of the Arab people.- The study of ideological patterns in Al-Owais's resistance poems revealed the unconsciousness of the text harboring a cultural rebellion contrary to the apparent text and poetic structure, unveiling what lies behind the aesthetics of the text through penetrating behind the words.

Yeki Boud Yeki Nabud and Kan Ma Kan are two short story collections written by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh and Mikhaeil Noaima that procced to the social issues of Iran and Lebanon. In these two collections, the culmination of literary democracy and the author's clever and critical look of social issues are revealed. The coexistence of two authors in two more or less close societies, the social themes of both collections and the style and look at those themes, as well as the names of the two stories, strengthen the assumption of stylistic and thematic closeness of both collections. Jamalzadeh's life coincided with the Constitutional Revolution and he was considered a supporter of the Constitutional Government, Iran, like Lebanon, was lagging behind in various cultural and economic fields due to the tyranny and oppression of kings. In Lebanon also, national liberation movements, such as the constitutional movement in Iran, flared up, and the cry for freedom and independence from the Ottoman Empire rose. These movements had intensified as a result of cultural and intellectual awareness in some Arab societies. Under these circumstances, the two story collections of Jamalzadeh and Mikhail Naima were written so that they were the two initiatives in a new style in Persian and Arabic short stories on the one hand and provided a basis for criticizing the critical situation of the Iranian and Lebanese societies on the other hand. Based on the foregoing, we seek through the paper to study the manifestations of social realism and the methods of expressing it in a collection Yaki Boud Yaki Naboud`s Muhammad Ali Jamal Zadeh and Kan Ma Kan`s Mikhail Naima in the framework of the American School of Comparative Literature and based on the theory of similarities and differences in this school. Note that the main topic in the American School of Comparative Literature is the study of the similarities and differences between literary genres in order to better understand and examine the common cultural and literary separation through the fictional works of these two great writers in Persian and Arabic as these works are a product of human thought through the ages and times. In other words, the research aims to study these two collections of stories in the field of criticism of social issues and express their similarities and differences in this field, and then create a bridge between contemporary Iranian and Lebanese literature in the short story and finally answer the following questions:  What are the methods used in Yaki Boud Yaki Naboud  by Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh, and Kan Ya Makan`s Mikhail Naima's criticism of society?  What are the similarities and differences between the authors' methods of critiquing society?  How did Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh and Mikhail Naima use humor in their criticism of social issues?  According to what was said in the above, The descriptive and analytical method was used in this research, where it compared critical realism between a collection of  Yaki Boud Yaki Naboud  Muhammad Ali Jamal Ghazadeh and a collection`s Kan Ma Kan by Mikhail Naima in the framework of similarity theories in the American School of Comparative Literature. Their anecdotal texts discussed the similarities and differences between them, and finally we brought the results of the research. About the theoretical framework of the research, it can be said that, it is one of the most similar features between what was, Yki Boud Yaki Naboud , by Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh, and Kan Ma Kan`s Mikhail Naima, their critical view of social and cultural issues, and on this basis they can be considered within the framework of the school of critical realism in literature, because Mikhail Naima clearly depicts this characteristic and we can see its features in his stories Short,  On the other hand, most critics and investigators considered the publication of Yaki Boud Yaki Naboud a literary event and the beginning of realist literature in Iran. As critical realism was a new form in the realist school, in which the writer deals with the issues and problems of society with criticism and analysis, refusing to accept reality and seeks through it to reach the direction in which he expresses his opinion, This critical vision appeared in literature with Maxim Gorky, the Russian writer and activist who founded the school of socialist realism embodied in the Marxist view of literature. Based on the aforementioned, the short stories of Muhammad Ali Jamalzadeh and Mikhail Naima were studied in this research based on the theories of the school of critical realism and its components, which indicate that realism is that which is concerned only with the problems of society, the life of the people, and the issues and problems of society in a critical form.  The results of the research showed that both writers strongly criticized social problems in their stories, and there are great similarities in their criticism of social issues, There are also differences between them in the way they deal with these issues. Both of them criticized the social problems prevalent at the time, such as suicide, betrayal, poverty, social stratification, the miserable status of women and other problems that spread in society, however, her criticism was taken more seriously by Naima than Jamal Ghazadeh's stories, while the ironic side of Jamal Ghazadeh's stories outperformed Na’meh's stories in this matter. One of the authors' main concerns in their two collections of stories was a severe and realistic criticism of the social situation, which came by relying on various expressive styles such as simple and colloquial prose, the use of proverbs and the Grotesque language. The two authors pursue their critical stories in the direction of realism, influenced by European writers to achieve their society-centered goals that can improve the status of society.

Investigation of literature and literary works, especially in the field of criticism is associated with interdisciplinary research and specifically with the science of sociology; this is due to the importance of literature as a reflector of social problems. Sociological literature investigations can be modified cultural structure of society, solve its problems and transform it in various fields. On the other hand we see that the novel from some time ago, with a prominent place in the expression of social issues, it is distinguished from other literary knowledge and techniques. Subsequently, the Islamic novel is a literary genre that is expressing the Muslim community issues; because it cannot be around this literature from addressing important social issues of the nations. For this reason the Islamic literature is a committed, indicative and aware literature of the evolution of human societies. Thus, the Islamic novel addressed the sustainability issue, and figured the pains of oppressed that live under the yoke of colonialism. Naguib al-Kilani is a pioneer of the contemporary Islamic novel, he is show special attention to the female characters in his novels, especially the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel, and as a Muslim novelist, most examples of female characters in the novel used to showing his emphasis on the role and attitude of women in the subject of resistance. This article is addressed the positive aspects of woman character in the "A’dhra’ Djakarta" novel with a descriptive and analytical method and According to a sociological analysis of the novel, and indicates that Naguib al-Kilani focuses on three aspects of the woman that is champion, stable and martyr woman, pictured a sublime status of Muslim women to encourage people of colonized countries to face the enemy. The field of post-colonial theory relates to a specific historical period that followed the demise of colonialism, or the period that followed the political independence obtained by countries that were under foreign colonialism. This theory uses a variety of modern critical approaches, including the renaissance of cultural studies and feminist studies. It benefits from all critical approaches, especially post-structuralism and postmodernism. The term post-colonialism came with the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism book, and the French writer Madame de Stael was the first to point out the importance of the relationship between literature and society, and between literature and politics. The issue of ideology is another topic that Goldman refers to in his research on the sociology of literature, as he sees that the creator of literary works is not only their author, but its creator is the ideology belonging to a particular social class.   In this article, our attention has focused on the two topics related to the novel The A’dhra’jakarta, while the first topic is related to the study of the features of the positive characters in the novel, including the heroine of the novel "Fatima", and her political and revolutionary activities and other feminist personalities participating in this jihad, and to shed light on the features of these novelists, We analyze their most important social and political activities, which continue their struggle until the last moment of life to achieve complete freedom for their homeland and people. The second topic concerns the effects of post-colonialism   Al-Kilani was interested in the issue of resistance, as it is a distinguished literature, and he took care in the novel of The A’dhra’jakarta from both sides, the first of which is drawing the features of feminist personalities, and focusing on the important position of women in Islamic society, which is the participation of women in the most important social issues and in the fate of her homeland and her future, and Islamic literature confirms it in various areas of peoples' lives. The second is to express the effects of communist colonialism on the different levels of Indonesian society. In his novel, Al-Kilani was concerned with the issue of the complete equality of women and men, their social and political rights, the nature of communism, its ideological goals, and its opportunist policies that oppose Islamic teachings. On the other hand, he used the figure of Fatima, as a militant woman whose Islamic features the author has employed to express his beliefs about The functions of women in their social life, and to emphasize the extent of their importance in the resistance and steadfastness in the face of manifestations of colonialism and injustice. Al-Kilani has benefited from the method of preaching and guidance in the sayings of this female character, and he has used her Islamic features, and painted them in his novels, to emphasize the role of women in global revolutions, and he wanted to say that the role of women in the resistance movement is no less than that of men. According to his Islamic ideology and his revolutionary beliefs, he wanted, through the features of these positive personalities, to point out two things: First: that revolutions around the world are proceeding on one line, which is the union of the different classes of peoples. And secondly: that women can do great things, and help men to continue the path towards freedom and lofty goals