s. rahbar

Differences in foot structure are thought to be associated with differences in foot function during movement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foot structure on plantar pressure characteristics in overweight girl children aged 10-13 years during walking.

Thirty-six overweight girls with pes planus, pes cavus and normal feet structures participated in this study. The plantar pressure characteristics of the subjects were measured using the foot-scan system while walking on a 14-meter gait-way at a self-selected speed. Peak plantar pressure, time to reach the peak pressure, percentage of the plantar contact area and impulse were measured. MANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for statistical analyses at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean peak pressure of the left foot of the pes cavus group under the hallux (12.47) was greater than that of the normal (7.93) and pes planus (7.49) groups (p=0.035). The mean impulse underneath the 2-5 toes zone of the right foot of normal (0.86) group was greater than pes planus (0.49) group (p=0.008). The mean impulse also was greater under the hallux zone of the left foot among pes cavus group (2.61) than those in normal (0.89) and pes planus (0.88) groups (0.045).

Despite the existence of minor differences; in general, the results of this study did not show a significant alteration in plantar pressure characteristics among overweight children with different foot structures during walking.

There are many studies to investigate the effects of each interacting component of tumor-immune system interactions. In all these studies, the distinct effect of each component was investigated. As the interaction of tumor-immune system has feedback and is complex, the alternation of each component may affect other components indirectly.

Because of the complexities of tumor-immune system interactions, it is important to determine the mutual behavior of such components. We need a careful observation to extract these mutual interactions. Achieving these observations using experiments is costly and time-consuming.

In this experimental and based on mathematical modeling study, to achieve these observations, we presented a fuzzy structured agent-based model of tumor-immune system interactions. In this study, we consider the confronting of the effector cells of the adaptive immune system in the presence of the cytokines of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) as a fuzzy structured model. Using the experimental data of murine models of B16F10 cell line of melanoma cancer cells, we optimized the parameters of the model.

Using the output of this model, we determined the rules which could occur. As we optimized the parameters of the model using escape state of the tumor and then the rules which we obtained, are the rules of tumor escape.

The results showed that using fuzzy structured agent-based model, we are able to show different output of the tumor-immune system interactions, which are caused by the stochastic behavior of each cell. But different output of the model just follow the predetermined behavior, and using this behavior, we can achieve the rules of interactions.