sajad hassanzadeh

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most common life-threatening infec- tions, occurring in the community or within the first 48 hours of a patient's hospitalization. The present study aimed to investigate the frequency of pathogenic bacteria and their antibiotic resistance pattern in the sputum of patients with commu- nity-acquired pneumonia in Yasuj from 2018 to 2019.

In the present study, 128 patients with CAP were included. Under aseptic conditions clinical samples including sputum collected from each patient were sent to the Microbiology Laboratory. Specific culture media and biochemical tests were used to identify the bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were examined by disc diffusion. DNA was extracted from sputum using the phenol-chloroform method. The PCR method was used for the molec- ular detection of bacteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 and the chi-square test.

The most common clinical symptoms in patients were sputum (68.8%), fever (64.1%), shortness of breath (60.2%), cough (50.8%), and chest pain (24.2%). A total of 133 bacteria were identified by culture and 117 bacteria by PCR. In the current study, the most prevalent organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.1%), Hemophilus influenzae (18%), Staph- ylococcus aureus (13.5%), and Moraxella catarrhalis (11.4%). Antibiogram test showed that most of the Gram-negative bacteria were resistant to levofloxacin (22.6%), rifampin (20.8%) and ceftriaxone (17%), and the highest resistance rate to clindamycin (43.1%), ciprofloxacin (43.1%) and amoxicillin (41.4%) were detected in the Gram-positive bacteria. Cefepime was the most effective antibiotic against Gram negative bacteria.

S. pneumoniae was the most prevalent bacteria identified by culture and PCR methods in patients with CAP, indicating an important role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of CAP. According to the results, cefepime can be used to treat patients with CAP with Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and K. pneumoniae have been isolated from the CAP patient population with varying frequencies. This is consistent with various studies in different parts of the world.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious clinical condition that leads to disability. Following primary injury, proinflammatory
cytokines play an important role in the subsequent secondary events. The thyroid hormone (TH) is known
as the modulator of inflammatory cytokines and acts as a neuroprotective agent. Methylprednisolone (MP) is used
for the early treatment of SCI. Fluoxetine (FLX), also is known as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), has
therapeutic potential in neurological disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined effects of
MP and FLX on SCI in the rat hypothyroidism (hypo) model.

In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats with hypothyroidism were randomly divided
into 6 groups (n=8/group): control (Hypo), Hypo+Surgical sham, Hypo+SCI, Hypo+SCI+MP, Hypo+SCI+FLX, and
Hypo+SCI+MP+FLX. SCI was created using an aneurysm clip and Hypothyroidism was induced by 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil
(PTU) at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally. Following SCI induction, rats received MP and FLX
treatments via separate intraperitoneal injections at a dose of 30 and 10 mg/kg/day respectively on the surgery day
and FLX continued daily for 3 weeks. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6
(IL-6) were quantified by Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. Myelination and glutathione
(GSH) levels were analyzed by Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) staining and ELISA respectively.

Following combined MP and FLX treatments, the expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly decreased
and GSH level considerably increased in the trial animals.

Our results show the neuroprotective effects of MP and FLX with better results in Hypo+SCI+MP+FLX
group. Further study is required to identify the mechanisms involved.

Neuropathic Pain (NP) is a serious suffering medical condition that frequently leads to disability and life style changes. Although the exact mechanisms of NP are still unknown, recently the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) reported as an important factor for NP. Apoptosis, increase of ATP production and reduction of antioxidants are also the other factors influencing in NP. There are certain therapeutic procedures for NP among them using laser therapy newly received more attention. In the present research we studied the molecular effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) on a rat model of NP.
Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) that randomly divided into three groups including chronic constriction injury (CCI), CCIⲲ and control were used in this study. CCI technique was used to induce NP. Laser therapy was done by using laser beam of 660 for 14 days following CCI. After that, expression of P2X3 of the DRG, Bax and Bcl2 in lumbar spinal segments measured by Western Blotting. Level of glutathione (GSH) was also measured in lumbar spinal cord segments by Continuous Spectrophotometric Rate Determination method. For behavioral study the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated in days 7 and 14 after CCI.
LLLT for two weeks increased expression of Bcl2 and GSH, whereas decreased Bax and P2X3 expression significantly. Comparing the results of behavioral study showed significant differences in the mechanical and thermal threshold showed between CCI and CCI LLLT groups.
Based on our findings, the therapeutic effects of LLLT for NP act throughout cellular and molecular mechanisms which improve mitochondrial function that in turn improve cell function and prevent apoptosis.

Mellitus Diabetes (DM) is the most important metabolic diseases. The incidence of DM is prone to increase. Vasculopathy, retinopathy, central and peripheral neuropathy are the most important reported side effects of DM. Cognitive dysfunction following DM reported in both sexes. Hippocampus is a major part of brain involving in cognitive function, its cells are able to neurogenesis, so it is possible that DM affects the hippocampus. In addition, neuroprotective effects of female sex steroids are reported elsewhere. In order to answer the question of whether female sex steroid are able to suppress the effects of DM on neurogenesis of dentate gyrus (DG) in diabetic ovariectomized rat the present study designed.
Sprague-Dawley adult female rats were used in this study. The animals randomly divided in 8 groups including; control, diabetic (Diab), ovariectomy (OVX), Diab㥕, estrogen treated (E2; Diab㥕︓), surgical and vehicle sham. Intrapritoneal injection of STZ, subcutaneous injection of E2 and routine bilateral surgery were used respectively to induce diabetes, estrogen treatment and OVX. Nissl staining, Brdu immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting were used in this study. Statistical analysis was done and the results presented in mean ± SD, Pv Brdu IHC showed that the neurogenesis significantly decreased in OVX, Diab and OVX-Diab groups (Pv Based on our data, cognitive dysfunction caused by DM is related to hippocampal neurogenesis reduction and might improve under the influence of ovarian steroidal hormone therapy.