somayeh dehghan

White morning glory (Ipomoea lacunose L.) is one of the weeds that have recently spread in the fields of Golestan province and has become a serious challenge for farmers. In this study, the effect of different environmental conditions, including constant temperature, alternating temperature, water stress, salinity, high temperature, and burial depth on the germination and emergence of three seed populations of this plant collected in 2018, 2019, and 2020 (at the time of the experiment, these seeds were after-ripped 15, 3, and 0 months, respectively) were investigated. All experiments were conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the response of germination to the studied environmental factors was different in seed populations. Germination percentage started at 10°C and increased with increasing temperature. Although the germination percentage was significant at 40°C, it was completely stopped at 45°C. Alternating temperature compared to constant temperature increased the germination in the range of low temperatures; however, there was no difference with the constant temperature in the high-temperature range. The water potential required to reduce 50% of germination in the seeds of 2018, 2019, and 2020 was -0.83, -0.82, and -0.43 MPa, respectively. The tolerance of this species to salt stress was much higher than to water stress, and the increase of salinity up to the potential of -1.1 to -1.4 MPa reduced its maximum germination by 50%. Increasing the high temperature to 80 and 100 °C stimulated the germination, and no seeds survived at 120°C. In the populations of 2018 and 2020, the emergence percentage of seeds increased with the increase of burial depth; so that it reached its maximum value at a depth of 3 cm. By increasing the burial depth, the percentage of seedlings emergence of these populations decreased and stopped at a depth of 9 cm. The seedlings emergence of 2019 population also happened with the same process (but in smaller numbers), but no seedlings emergence occurred at a depth of 5 cm. In general, the results of this study showed that the reaction of white morning glory germination to environmental factors is different. Knowing the germination response of this species against the mentioned factors can help predict the germination and emergence of this plant to design suitable management strategies.

Trauma to primary teeth can lead to devastating sequels in development of permanent successors. The disturbance may range from enamel hypoplasia and/or hypo-calcification to arrest of dental bud development. Crown dilaceration of permanent teeth is one of the consequences of trauma to deciduous teeth mainly due to intrusion or avulsion. This report presents a mandibular central incisor with dilacerated crown and yellowish discoloration with symptomatic apical abscess. History revealed avulsion of primary mandibular central incisors. The purpose of this report is to present: 1. Reasons of dilacerated crown, yellowish discoloration and necrotic pulp in this case, 2. Treatment options in different types of crown dilacerations and also in this case. The tooth was successfully managed by nonsurgical root canal therapy and restoration with composite resin to restore esthetics. We emphasize that trauma to deciduous teeth should not be understated, and regular follow up is essential.

Geographic proximity has been shown to be a significant factor in healthcare utilization and also one of the important dimensions in the concept of accessibility. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the geographic accessibility to pharmacies in city of Shiraz. A geographic information system approach was obtained to evaluate geographic accessibility to pharmacies. A stratified random sampling was conducted to choose adequate points as the representative of whole city to measure their distance in both pedestrian and driving condition to the pharmacies. To measure the pedestrian accessibility of selected blocks in Shiraz, different distances of 150, 300, 450, 600 and 750 meter, and to measure driving accessibility different network distances of 5, 10 and 15 min were considered as acceptable levels of geographic accessibility. In terms of pedestrian accessibility, the analysis showed that about 45% and 15% of sample blocks have accessibility to at least one pharmacy in their 750 meters in normal days and holidays, respectively, based on straight line distance. In terms of driving accessibility, our analysis indicated that in normal days and also in holidays about 98% of sample blocks in Shiraz have at least one pharmacy in their 15 min based on network analysis and considering traffic limitation. In spite of implemented policy by food and drug organization to distribute pharmacies equitably through the whole city, geographic accessibility to pharmacy doesn’t seem to be desirable in Shiraz and some other policies may be needed to make the situation better.