فهرست مطالب tran

Constructed wetlands have not been commonly used in Vietnam due to the lack of information in the selection of proper types of constructed wetlands, type of reeds, design parameters and performance efficiency, in tropical climates. This paper focuses on Canna generalis, which is a common reed and easy to grow both in water and wet land conditions. Two kinds of hybrid constructed wetlands were employed, including Facultative pond combined with free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system and horizontal subsurface flow combined with Aerobic pond system. It was found that the ponds played an important role in the hybrid system performance and enhanced the performance of constructed wetlands. The pollutant removal efficiencies of the hybrid systems were all higher than the single constructed wetlands. The BOD5, TSS, NH4-N and PO4-P removal efficiencies averaged 81%, 85%, 93% and 77%, respectively for the hybrid horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.075 m/day, while they were 89%, 97%, 97%, and 68%, respectively for the hybrid free water sub-surface constructed wetlands system operated at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.1 m/day. The removal rate constants (kBOD5, kNH4-N, kPO4-P) of the experimental hybrid constructed wetlands were similar to those in previous studies. However, these constants were higher for the hybrid free water subsurface constructed wetlands because of the modified structure flow of the free water subsurface constructed wetlands applied in this study, compared to conventional ones, as well as the additional benefits of the ponds in the hybrid systems.

Many disputes in biomedical ethics in the west stem from disputes about the extent to which normative principles in this domain can be generalized throughout various cultures such that certain actions can be universally acknowledged as required, prohibited or permitted. In Muslim countries, among various articles on the framework of Islamic bioethics, there had been no studies about the nature of moraltheological discourse that informed the development of the Islamic legal-ethical system. In other words, their descriptive rather than analytical approach to the debate about the principles of biomedical rulings in Islam does not deal with Islamic theological-philosophical ethics and the way it has affected medical jurisprudence in the modern times. The ethical questions in contemporary discussions require attention to larger questions about what constitutes ethical conduct in Islam rather than the mere presentation of the legal rulings as regards issues like abortion, organ donation and so on. There is no consensus among Muslim jurists of various schools of Islamic law on any of these issues. In the cross-cultural context of bioethics, the work of Muslim scholars would be significantly enhanced by systematic investigations into the underlying principles and rules of practical ethical guidance in the Islamic tradition which is rooted in Islamic theology.

The author examines the implications of demographic changes and the new population composition in Palestine-Israel. He argues that we shall witness a gradual increase in the number of Palestinians living in Israel and the occupied territories. By presenting estimates of statistics on population growth rates in selected years (i.e., 2018, 2025, 2040, 2050), he reveals that the Palestinians might become a majority in Israel. The resolution of the perplexing issue of the right of return of Palestinian refugees combined with their rapid population growth rates will have positive impact on the size of Palestinian population. These demographic changes will undeniably have economic and political consequences for the Tel Aviv government. To confront this dilemma, all Israeli governments ranging from Labor to Likud have constantly tried to encourage new Jewish immigrants and force more Palestinians to leave their historical homeland.