فهرست مطالب z. esmaili

Apple (Malus domestica) is considered one of the most important economic products in Iran. Its cultivation is common in various regions and so far, more than 200 different domestic and foreign apple cultivars are identified, which Golden and Red Delicious cultivars are the most important cultivars in terms of cultivated area. Various fungal, bacterial, nematode, and viral agents cause weakness and decline of the apple tree and the quantitative and qualitative reduction of the crop. Apple root and crown rot is one of the important diseases of apple root, due to soil-born fungal pathogens, which lead to the decline of apple trees. The disease has a global spread and can occur at all ages of apple production. Different fungal species have been identified in infected regions so far, and it may be due to climate change. Sampling was performed from June to August 2019 from apple orchards with decline symptoms in Semirom and Padena in Isfahan province, Iran. Fungal species, including Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, and F. redolens, were morphologically identified. To confirm morphological identification, EF1/EF2 and ITS1/ITS4 primers were used in the PCR reaction. In vitro and greenhouse tests confirmed the pathogenicity of the identified species. As a result, it was proved that F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, and F. redolens could be the causal agents of apple trees decline in Isfahan province, Iran, that F. solani, and F. oxysporum were more abundant.

Technology is a widespread and vital event in the present time. The digital form and the telecommunications sector, which have been accompanied by the transformation of social structures, have transformed the daily life more than the biological arenas and the ecology. The essence of technology is not neutral to be passive in the face of human affairs such as culture, but between technology and the production of thought has always been a two-way relationship. Technology has its own knowledge and is related to the philosophical infrastructure of time and it changes with them. This type of knowledge is based on performance and does not have a metaphysical nature. One of the technological events is the realization of a cybernetic space that is closest to the nature of technology. This proportion is due to the technological nature of cyberspace, the new human habitat in the form of transhumanism and the desire to circulate information rhizome, multidimensional and decentralized. The purpose of this research is the philosophical analysis of technology and to find its relation with cyberspace that is done analytically.

The type of research is applied and the research method is analytical-documentary.

Research findings show that what brings an object to the technological level is its structure and rationality, which both meet biological needs and generate new needs for humans; and progresses in a dialectical process to find its relation to the production of thought. Also, the study of the relationship between thought and technology shows that the Gestalt attitude towards technology is related to the relationship between man and technology. This ratio is explained by the specific knowledge of technology based on its conceptual basis in postmodern knowledge. The knowledge that is flexible, relative, and fragile and does not fit into the rational methods of modernism is present in cyberspace, which is the most pervasive form of technological events and, above all, reflects the nature of technology, in the form of pretense, two-tier, and network development. In the section related to human relationship with technology, it was discussed that human beings as creators and users of technology, when faced with a non-technological position, face challenges in the field of ethics, meaning-seeking, transcendence, type and extent. They face responsibility and understand the true relationship with their body and use all their material and spiritual resources to respond to them. Finally, in an ideological context that depicts man's confrontation with technology, cyberspace emerges as an expressive and broad form of technology; an atmosphere that clearly reflects the nature of technology and is a platform for the intersection of technology and society. Research findings show that the abundant entanglement of humans with technology indicates the dominance of the technical object. This dominance is so great that it serves the idea of ​​absolute interconnectedness of the world to more accurately describe the functional life of postmodern man, who has cybernetic imaginary structures and suffers from narcissistic hallucinations as a result of technicality, cyber-extremes and detachment from physical incarnation.

The results indicate that the dominance of the technological object and its effects in cyberspace has led to a decrease in responsibility, conflict with the category of meaning, transcendence and moral encounters.