hierarchical structure

The zoning of phenomena in order to recognize and evaluate the current situation as a basis for decision-making is one of the of scientific management essentials of natural resources. In the management of desert areas to prevent paying exorbitant costs and making incorrect decisions, strong and well-reasoned methods are needed to understand the current situation and the development process. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to provide a suitable model for zoning the spatial distribution of desertification risk by using Moora, Aras scoring techniques and the use of geographic information system in Yazd-Khizrabad sub-basin. At first, after determining the working units by geomorphological method, the importance of indicators in each unit was obtained based on the Delphi method. Shannon's entropy method was used for the relative importance of indicators. Then the decision matrix was formed and after weighting, the potential of desertification intensity was estimated by calculating the desirability coefficient from Moora and Aras scoring method. The results of the analysis of both models showed that the land units of Mountain Agricultural Grounds (MAG) and Plan Agricultural Grounds (PAG) have the highest desertification potential, which covers 7135 ha (9.11%) of the entire study area and Quantitative value of desertification potential for the whole region based on the all of indicators was placed in the middle class (IV). It is suggested that the obtained results and ranking should be taken into consideration in the plans for controlling and reducing the effects of desertification and rehabilitating degraded lands.

Considering the spread of desertification and the emergence of its extensive and long-term effects on the environment and human activities, appropriate management methods can reduce the intensity and spread of this phenomenon. Therefore, executive actions in this field should be based on knowledge of the current state of land desertification and its future development. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the risk of desertification using VPM and WASPAS scoring models and a geographic information system as a case study in the Yazd-Khizrabad Plain from 2021 to 2022. In the framework of these models, effective indicators are identified based on field and library studies. The working units were then determined by the geomorphology method and the importance of the indicators in each unit was obtained in the form of pairwise comparisons based on the Delphi method. Next, the importance of the indices was estimated using the Shannon entropy method, and a decision matrix was formed. After balancing, zoning of the desertification intensity potential was performed by calculating the desirability coefficient using the VPM and WASPAS scoring methods in the ArcGIS software environment. results obtained showed that the land units of the Mountain Agriculture Ground (MAG) and Plain Agriculture Ground (PAG) have the highest desertification potential, which covers 7335.86 ha (35.9%) of the entire study area. Most of the land in the region is under the influence of desertification with a relatively moderate intensity (III). The quantitative value of the desertification potential for the whole region based on all the indicators was placed in the middle class (IV). The results of this study indicate the efficiency and ease of application of the VPM and WASPAS point approach techniques in evaluating the intensity of desertification.

One of the main problems that Iran faces in the development program in the field of urban development is the problem of poverty. The production of poverty and the gap between the rich and the poor, which has always increased in our age, is the result of a bigger machine, which inherently produces poverty.

whose foundations are based on Heidegger's phenomenological method. The phenomenological method is based on the researcher's understanding based on objective and meta-objective data. For this purpose, the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the management model of the capitalist system were first examined. Then, the hierarchical pattern of Iran's administrative structure was examined by relying on physical components. Finally, the problem of poverty in Iran's cities was investigated. And the reason for the increase in the gap between poverty and wealth in these cities was investigated. Then the structural factors, planning and spatial economy that were involved in the increase in poverty and the increase in the gap between poverty and wealth were identified.

The findings of the research show that the hierarchical structure in the capital management system, which was implemented by Misra and Rosto in Iran, by giving preference to the cities, caused the reduction of the population of the villages and created poverty and inequality. Therefore, the structures that are chosen to manage the space are sometimes so effective that the results will be clearly manifested in the phenomenon of poverty and spatial inequality.

Increasing the share of cities' budgets in capital management has caused imbalance and increased poverty. Thus, seven provinces had less than the balance budget share and three provinces had zero balance and have spatial balance, and the rest of the provinces (20 provinces) received more than the balance budget share

The diversity and broadness of applied research in the field of geomorphology has led to a semantic and conceptual disconnection between such a research and the theoretical foundations and intellectual ideas that support them. Today, there is a need for a clearer relationship between applied research in the field of geomorphology and the schools of thought that support them, which justifies the need for current research. Samadzadeh et al. (1400) have proposed a new definition of morphological structure in the science of geomorphology. This study emphasizes the importance of fundamental studies, so that changes in the basic and theoretical concepts of science, create the opportunity for new attitudes and the creation of new theoretical ideas in a scientific discipline. Hence, they have explained a hierarchical structure of morphology defined in seven levels, including: land-concept, land-space, land-context, landscape, land-form, land-feature and land-object. Prior to this, Ramesht (2005), in her book Symbols and images in geomorphology, has dealt with the principles of morphology in geomorphology and declared hierarchical theories as a basis for the form units’ classifications in geomorphology. This research, which is a kind of link between a fundamental research in presenting the new structure of morphology and its practical application in geomorphology, it tries to act by quantifying the basic ideas for the improvement of geomorphological science in the field of morphological classification systems.

Factors of the natural-ecologic, social, economic, historical and political environment affects formation, establishment and organization of rural environments. Thus, the present article seeks to clarify the influence of natural elements (natural-ecologic environments) in transformability of spatial organization in 11 rural districts of Lavasan-e Kuchak village. Descriptive-analytic methods and secondary-research methods are used for collecting information. Moreover, models like Gatman institutional measurement, value of centrality, total minimum distance, number of direct links, number of communicative nodes and demographic capacity are also considered. Results indicate that natural elements, especially topography, water resources and slope have influenced the position of rural settlements. This has resulted in the spatial organization of the study area possessing a two-level hierarchical structure. Moreover, based on the results it is suggested to form spatial organization of the area with three rural areas of Afje, Kantiya and Bujan villages and a rural complex of Lavasan city.

The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine the optimal location for landfill. In this context, the first step is the formation of a hierarchical structure of multiple criteria. Next, it is using the spatial analysis process to establish evaluation criteria, these based on the laws of Greece and the European Union, and also on the basis of practical and feasible international guidelines. The relative importance of the assessment criteria is determined based on the hierarchical structure and, using simple weighing model, suitable sites for landfill in the study area are determined. as a result, suitable locations are ranked from 0 to 10, which is from the lowest to the best, respectively. The last stage is the process of spatial clusters, which are designed to represent the most appropriate area. The initial ranking permits the selection of suitable places for burial from among existing places. The application and implementation of the proposed method on the Lemnos island in the north of the Aegean Sea ​​showed that 9.3% of the studied area was suitable for burials above the 9th level.