microcontroller

Many different technologies have been studied in relation to electrical generator control system management and condition monitoring. The ability to plan control systems and monitor them offers benefits for finances, operations, and technology. Electric generator manufacturers are drawn to this area for this reason. The focus of this review paper is on the control system management of synchronous generators, with a particular emphasis on the utilization of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and microcontrollers with techniques such as Proportional-Integral (PI), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), etc. Furthermore, the monitoring of the synchronous generator's condition has been introduced using Internet of Things (IoT) variable devices. Finally, the paper delves into The classification and thorough analysis of recent research suggest control system and monitoring models, including interactions with various kinds of power plants that run on synchronous generators. The survey results included a plethora of relevant articles and papers about the application of control systems to the Internet of Things. 

The flood detection tool uses the HC-SR04 sensor made specifically to detect the water level in the river. This tool is a series of simple tools that utilize the esp32 microcontroller and media monitoring in real time via a smartphone. The flood detection tool using the HC-SR04 sensor consists of a tool frame made of iron, the HC-SR04 sensor and a panel box. The main power source for this tool is a 12 V 5 Ah battery that comes from a 50wp solar panel. This tool is equipped with various electronic components including an LCD, HC-SR04 sensor, relay and stepdown module. The designed tool will be placed on the riverbank, the HC-SR04 sensor acts as a real time measure of water level. When the sensor has detected a predetermined water level, the sensor will send data to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will process the data and send it to the virtuino application which will display it virtually on the smartphone. Along with this, the data will also be displayed on the LCD

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multidisciplinary concept that includes a wide range of application domains and device capabilities. The IoT technology provides a platform that allows apparatus to be monitored by sensors, connected using a communication channel, and controlled remotely across a network infrastructure. This paper represents the IoT-based remote monitoring, control, and protection of irrigation water pumping systems. The sensors measure parameters; namely supply voltage and motor current to estimate operating conditions and provide protection. The measured parameters are sent to the user through the SIM900 GSM module for remote monitoring and control purposes. The android application has been developed to provide a better user interface, timer-based operation, status of pump and feedback notifications, etc. Protection to the pump (3-Փ Induction Motor) is provided through an ATmega 328P microcontroller embedded in the Arduino Uno board. Appropriate relay characteristics are programmed in the microcontroller for protection against various types of faults like thermal overload, single phasing, under/over voltage, voltage imbalance, reverse rotation. The system is tested in the lab and it is observed that all the protections are working satisfactorily. Single phasing is detected and the supply is tripped within 0.15 sec, undervoltage protection operated in 0.3 sec, and 5% unbalance in supply voltage is detected successfully and protection is operated within time.

In assessing the power system, the most important issue is the system behavior when the system is affected by a disturbance In some plants in case a small event, oscillations are created that are not easily damped and this lack of damping causes the power plant shut down. So, conditions should be set such that the power plant damps the oscillations as soon as possible and returns it to the stable conditions. In this paper, microcontroller-based power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed that increases the single machine dynamic stability of the power system connected to an infinite bus by improving damping in the low frequency oscillation. The system stability is investigated by the eigenvalues and the results of dynamic simulations are provided in the time domain. Programmable interface controllers (PIC) have been used in designing digital PSS; then the continuous time domain PSS is converted to discrete time domain PSS and finally it is implemented on the microcontroller chip.

In this article, an innovative supervision system will be proposed that can observe and analyze health of Circuit Breaker’s trip coil. The proposed design also logs changes in the coil's quality and informs network supervisor in case of Circuit Breaker (CB) failure. This system injects small direct currents to the Circuit Breaker connections and the trip coil to compute CB’s health and characteristics of trip coil. A large drift such as great change of resistance in coil, connections and switches characteristics can be determined as defection of Circuit Breaker. This supervision system analyzes trip coil health with a microcontroller, logs trip coil condition changes (closed or tripped), failures and CB defection in a multimedia card, shows condition of system via LEDs and LCD and sends needed information for network supervisor via SMS, Telephone line and also applies desired controls to the other appliances through three power relays. Besides, a number of these supervision systems can be networked via Ethernet to be observed and supervised with a web service program or webpage from a control room.