جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « N) » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

The presence of stones and gravel on the soil surface affects the physical properties of the soil, playing an effective role in controlling water and wind erosion. However, while significantly contributing to the protection of soil, desert pavement is less used as a protective element in arid and extra-arid areas. on the other hand, as Iran is advancing its industrial development based on different natural fields, extensive land use changes lead to shallow soil mixing and the soil’s desert pavement, significantly increasing the erodibility of the soil due to the loss of the pavement’s protective shield. Consequently, the intensity of wind erosion and the dust that naturally arises from it will increase in the destroyed lands, leading to an increase in accident risks and personal and financial damages due to the reduction of visibility on highly traveled roads.

Field sampling and laboratory calculations: Thirty points were randomly selected in each plain where the required samples were collected from the desert pavement. Concurrently, the duration of sample collection was also calculated in each plot and transect. Then, the collected samples were transferred to the laboratory and tested separately in terms of granulation. Sediment samples collected from every plot and transect were separated into distinct size classes using the ASTM classification system. These size-separated sediments were then accurately weighed using precision balances. After sieving the samples and determining the weight of particles in different size ranges, the average weight of each sample at thirty specific points was calculated. Finally, the relative abundance, expressed as the percentage frequency of particle weight, was computed for each plot and transect based on the calculated mean weights. The results obtained from each plot and transect were then entered into the SPSS software. Using the least squares and Duncan tests to compare the samples collected from the plots and transects. It should be noted that the two tests are widely used for ranking averages in one-way variance analysis. One-way variance analysis evaluates the effect of a discrete variable with more than two levels on a continuous variable. If the null hypothesis is rejected in terms of significance level, the discrete variable is proved to exert an influence on the continuous variable. In the least squares test method, the average values are compared in binary oppositions, and in Duncan's method, the average values are divided into subgroups based on the specific value of α. The analysis of the results of these two tests shall also be performed in terms of significance level.Sampling time in each plot and transect was compared and evaluated using t-tests. It should be noted that the T-test is commonly used to compare two independent statistical samples, whose results may differ based on the equality/ inequality of the variances. Finally, the optimal method for measuring desert pavement was selected based on the results of the statistical tests and the significance level required for sampling in each plot and transect.Moreover, to compare the desert pavement samples collected from each plot and transect, 30 points were randomly selected in each plain. Then, the sampling of the desert pavement was carried out using a plot with 40x40 cm dimensions and a transect with 60x10 cm dimensions.

The results of Duncan's test revealed that the two categories of plot and transect were placed in the same ranking group, indicating that both methods produce the same results in the measurement of desert pavement. As the duration of collecting samples from each plot and transect was measured concurrently with the sampling, the time of collecting sampling from the plots and transects in different parts of each plain was evaluated and compared via T-Tests using the SPSS software. Moreover, the results of Lyon's test showed that the variances of the two groups ( plot and transect), were not the same, suggesting a significant difference between the time used in the plot and that of the transect. In this regard, the average time for the plot and the transect was found to be 1.64 and 0.83, respectively, indicating that the time spent for conducting the sampling in the transect was lower than that of the plot and that there was a significant difference between the two in this regard.On the other hand, to compare two independent samples of plot and transect, first, the two samples were evaluated using Levene's test, according to which the null hypothesis regarding the equality of the variance rates was rejected as the significance level turned out to be less than 0.05 (Sig> 0.05). The results of the T-test based on the hypothesis regarding the equality of the variance rate were also found to be zero in terms of significance level, indicating that the values found for the plot differ from those of the transaction, and thus the null hypothesis is also rejected in this case. As for the choice of a better sample in terms of the difference in the average value, it can be seen that the obtained value is positive (0.8), suggesting that the plot sampling time is longer than that of the transect. Therefore, it can be argued that collecting sampling from the transact would be less time-consuming than that of the plot, and thus it would be a better choice for measuring the desert pavement. Furthermore, the results showed that in terms of variance level, the two categories of plot and transect differ from each other, indicating a significant difference between the time used in the plot and that of the transect. Accordingly, the average time used in the plot and transact was found to be 1.64 and 0.83, respectively, proving that the time spent in the transect sampling method was lower than that of the plot and that there was a significant difference between the two in this regard.

Plot and transect methods were compared and evaluated in order to choose the most suitable method for measuring desert pavement. The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that the sampling method may affect the weight frequency of the collected samples. Then, the average percentage of the frequency rates obtained for the plot and the transact were compared and ranked in binary oppositions using the LSD and DUNCAN tests. The results indicated that both sampling methods exert the same influence on the frequency percentage of the samples. Then the plot and transect methods were compared in terms of sampling time and level. Accordingly, as for the time spent on sampling, the samples were collected in a shorter time from the transect than from the plot. Moreover, it was found that the transect demanded a smaller area (0.06 square meters) for sampling than the one demanded by the plot (0.16 square meters). Therefore, it can be concluded that the transect method is more suitable for sampling the desert pavement in terms of area and time. Finally, it could be argued that the results of this study proved the high efficiency of the software in terms of the spatial resolution of the images and the average size of the riverbed sediments, which can significantly contribute to future development. Therefore, the abovementioned methods can be used as new methods in the study of desert pavement in a large area.

Limiting bioclimatic conditions, destructing natural tourist attractions, displacing the tourism calendar, climate change, and global warming may also displace tourism territories to different degrees (Xiu Xia et al., 2023). The findings of various studies assert that due to the increase in temperature, heat stress, and the deterioration of the bioclimatic conditions in the Mediterranean, Malaysia, and America, favorable areas for tourism have been moved to northern latitudes (Jong et al., 2023; Matzarakis & Amelung, 2008). The assessment of the effects of climate change on Iran's tourism also indicates an increase in the locational changes of favorable tourism sites and the shift of tourism classes from excellent or ideal to desirable and suitable due to the increase in temperature and droughts (Sobhani & Esmaeilzadeh, 2020; Moradjani, 2022; Abedi & Sedaghat, 2022; Farajzadeh & Ahmadabadi, 2010).Located in southwestern Iran, Khuzestan Province is regarded as a region with extensive and concentrated tourism capabilities, whose geographical features have led to the formation of mountain, plain, sea, desert, and even desert landscapes. Moreover,Khuzestan plain is known as the cradle of ancient and historical civilizations that continue to the coast of the Persian Gulf, where the cold months of the year (November to April) make the site a suitable place to visit (Borna, 2018, Rahimi et al., 2019). However, the temperature rate has been increasing by one to three degrees from 2017 on (Mohammadi et al., 2024), placing some restrictions on the tourism calendar. Therefore, climate change (2020–2080) may exert an adverse influence on tourism territories in their golden visiting time. Considering the status of tourism in the prospective development of Khuzestan province and the high sensitivity of such potential to climate change, this study sought to investigate the effect of climate change on tourism in Khuzestan province through a temporal-spatial comparative study using the thermal comfort index coefficient.Study Area: Covering an area of approximately 64236 square meters, Khuzestan province is located in southwestern Iran, whose average annual temperature varies from 15 °C in its northern regions to 26 °C in its southern regions. Moreover, more than 85% of the province’s area measures less than 500 square meters, and 15% of the province falls within the north and northeast mountainous regions. As the province possesses great tourism potential, special tourism development plans have been incorporated into the policy documents of the province to prepare the grounds for its sustainable development. However, increasing chances of climate risks such as heat waves, dust, and floods pose a potential threat to the advancement of the tourism industry in the province. In this regard, the current study set out to investigate the change in the thermal comfort index and its territories until 2050.

Method and Data:

 To investigate the effects of climate change on the tourism calendar and its territories in Khuzestan Province, this study examined the thermal comfort index in terms of two periods: the historic period (1985–2020) and the future period (2021–2050). The index considers such climatic elements as air temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, and wind. As for the time periods investigated, the study collected the required data regarding the climate variables recorded in the meteorological stations of Ahvaz, Omidiyeh, Aghajari, Abadan, Behbahan, Dezful, Safiabad, Ramhormoz, Mahshahr, and Masjed Suleiman. Moreover, to calculate the thermal comfort index for the future period, the study used downscaled climate data based on CMIP6 scenarios under the SSP 4.5 scenario.

Climate change and global warming have changed climatic comfort conditions and the displaced territories in Khuzestan province. Comparing the maps prepared for the 1985–2020 period with the ones prepared for the future period (2021–2050), the study found that the thermal comfort index territories have been changed in different classes and months of the year. In other words, it could be said that global warming will create a longer summer in Iranian southern regions, leading to the reduction of the geographical territories’ rank from ideal and excellent to lower classes and the movement of tourism territories. In the historical period (1985–2020), March was found to be the most ideal time for tourism. However, the findings revealed that November would be the best time for tourism in the future (2021–2050) when the province would experience the best thermal comfort index conditions. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Matzarakis & Amelung (2008), Xio Xia et al. (2023), Gössling et al. (2023), Rastegar & Ruhanen (2023), Bakhtiari et al. (2018), Shamsipour et al. (2014), Moradjani (2022), Abedi and Sedaqat (2022), and Farajzadeh and Ahmadabadi (2010).

The findings indicated that Khuzestan province will experience great changes in the future in terms of tourism thermal comfort index. In this regard, the province's thermal comfort index rank will, in the future period (2021–2050), decrease in the months of January, February, March, April, and October compared to the one found for the historic period (1985–2020), suggesting that no part of the province will have ideal conditions to attract tourists. Moreover, the conditions will be quite unfavorable in May, June, July, August, and September. However, compared to the historic period, the conditions will improve in November and December of the future period. Furthermore,  the tourism territories of the province will be limited to northern latitudes and mountainous areas in the future.The prospective changes in the monthly tourism calendar and its territories will exert a great influence on the province's tourism economy. Currently, tourism infrastructure such as accommodation, welfare services, transportation networks, and private sector investment have been prepared and developed based on the historical conditions of the climate. Therefore, the relocation of tourism territories, the weakness of facilities in new areas, and the neocolonialization of previously suitable areas will bring about great economic and social losses. Thus, it is recommended that various aspects of tourism development plans be considered based on uncertainties.

Throughout recent years, the Iranian government has mainly been challenged by assessing the risk of dust storms and choosing the best method for their management. In this regard, Golestan province is subject to the high risks of intensified dust phenomenon due to its vicinity to Turkmenistan’s vast deserts, inappropriate management of its northern desert lands, and the dryness of some of its wetlands and borderlands. Therefore, considering the increasing number of intensified dust storm occurrences in Golestan province within the past few years, this study sought to perform statistical and climatic analysis of the phenomenon.  The dust storm occurrences in Golestan province were analyzed based on their spatio-temporal frequency as recorded by seven synoptic weather stations throughout a 10-year period (2013-2022). Moreover, the collected data were checked daily in the form of synoptic codes during eight observations using statistical methods. Finally, the average hourly, monthly, and annual occurrences of dust storms and their frequency for the hot and cold periods in all synoptic stations were calculated using the R software.  The results of the annual analysis of the dust storm revealed that the Incheh-Borun and Maraveh-Tappeh regions experienced the greatest number of dusty days in the entire study area with an average frequency of eight days per year. Moreover, it was found that the highest frequency of dust storms in the province occurred in May, June, and July, and the lowest frequency of dust storms took place in November and December, respectively. Also, the analysis of dust storm occurrences during the statistical period showed that 26.21% and 73.79% of the dusty days originated in extra-local and local origins, respectively. On the other hand, the interpretation of synoptic codes of the statistical period indicated that 79.8% of extra-local dust events in the province occurred from 9:30 A.M. to 18:30 local time and 80.64% of the events took place from 9:00 A.M. 30 to 18:30 local time. Finally, the analysis of the duration of dust events in the study area suggested that currently, the majority of dust storms in Golestan province last for one to two days.

Wind erosion contributes to climate change on both global and local scales, causing changes in biological, geological, and chemical cycles. Exerting adverse effects on the environment and human health, the phenomenon also brings about the loss of vegetation and the reduction in water resources. In this regard, carrying out biological recovery projects to be used as windbreaks is regarded as a highly effective method for combating wind erosion. However, due to the scarcity of water in desert areas, plant planting poses some serious threats to the implementation of the above-mentioned projects, requiring the observance of water management techniques. On the other hand, improper irrigation leads to the loss of large amounts of water through evaporation, causing stress in the irrigated plants. According to the predictions, the world will face a 40% water shortage by 2030. Thus, should the shortage continue to grow, many regions worldwide will experience severe water shortages or droughts in the near future. Located in the desert belt of the world and enclosed in relatively high mountain fences, Iran is threatened by the phenomenon of dryness in such a way that two-thirds of its area is now at risk of being caught by the phenomenon. The current research selected the Qom province (one of the 22 desert provinces in Iran) as its study area where high temperature and poor water quality have challenged the implementation of biological projects. Currently, the Iranian Organization of Forests, Pastures, and Watershed Management Common methods uses 30 liters of water every two weeks as its main irrigation method for the plants that grow in the province. Considering a treatment in which half of such amount of water (15 liters) is used for irrigation water, this study sought to assess the efficiency of the treatment on the Haloxylon ammodenderon plant.. 

Characterized by high-temperature rates in summer, low annual precipitation, hot winds during the dry season, dry cold in winter, and temperature fluctuations in different seasons, Qom province does not have a favorable climate due to its proximity to desert areas. In the traditional method of planting a seedling, a hole with a depth of 50 cm is dug, the plant is placed in the center of the pit, and the irrigation is done by surface method. This study investigated both 15-liter and 30-liter treatments made within two-week, three-week, and four-week irrigation intervals to compare the morphological indicators of the plant during the intended growth season (May to November). Moreover, variance analysis was conducted via SPSS statistical software to compare the variance between treatments and Duncan's test, seeking to identify potential differences between treatments (at a confidence level of 5%). On the other hand, the study used the Haloxylon ammodenderon as a halophyte plant with a wide vegetative range, considering the fact that the plant is indigenous to Qom province, characterized by its high resistance and adaptability in harsh conditions. It should be noted that while the average annual precipitation rate of the province is reported to range from 40 to 200 mm, the plant grows well and remains fresh. 

Thirteen physical and chemical characteristics of the study area’s soil were tested in five points. Accordingly, it was found that the region’s soil had a sandy clay loam texture with a salinity of 1.92 Decisiemens per meter and a pH of 7.19 with an average of 0.57% organic matter, 24.2% lime, 16.8% sulfate, and 0.2% gypsum. Moreover, solutes such as calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, and chlorine were found to be 13.6, 24, 0, 8.2, and 33.2 milliequivalents per liter, respectively. On the other, as Qom province suffers from low urban water quality, the study used the wastewater located near the study area. The results suggested that morphological characteristics such as height, trunk diameter, growth index, and canopy diameter significantly differed at the 5% level, while no significant difference was found in terms of root depth, aerial and root weight, and survival rate. As 90% of soil particles move within 30 cm of the ground surface, the shape of the canopy can effectively prevent their movement. As for the measurement of the canopy cover of the 30- and 15-liter treatments in two, three, and four weeks’ periods after irrigation, the results showed that the 30-liter treatment had better canopy dimensions, which exerted a significant influence on reducing wind speed, receiving more rainwater, and reducing runoff.The necessary water for the implementation of biological recovery projects in dry areas is provided through irrigation due to low and scattered rainfall. In Iran, water management is faced with challenges such as the shortage of water resources, environmental dryness, waste of water resources in the agricultural sector due to traditional irrigation, etc. The results of this study indicated that the 30-liter treatment performed better in terms of the plants’ height in all three irrigation intervals. Moreover, the treatment presented better results in terms of rooting when tested in the tree-weak interval, while no significant difference was found between the two treatments under a two-week irrigation interval. However, the 15-liter treatment had a greater rooting depth than the 30-liter one in four weeks of irrigation. As for the canopy diameter, aerial and root weight, and growth index, the 30-liter treatment revealed better performance. On the other hand, the percentage of survival in the 30-liter treatment was better in two-week and four-week irrigation periods than those of the 15-liter treatment, but the difference is very small. According to the comparison of the results of canopy dimensions and morphological characteristics, it can be concluded that the 30-liter treatment was definitely better. However, the results obtained for the 15-liter treatment can be acceptable in terms of reduction in irrigation costsFor this purpose, in two irrigation treatments of 30 and 15 liters of water on haloxylon ammodenderon plants, morphological plant characteristics such as height, root depth, collar diameter, aboveground and underground weight, growth index, and crown diameter were evaluated during a growing season (from may to October ) in irrigation intervals of 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The research results showed that, although the 30-liter treatment had better performance in all three irrigation intervals compared to the 15-liter treatment, there was no significant difference in some characteristics between them. Therefore, it can be concluded that considering the reduction in irrigation costs and water savings, the 15-liter treatment volume is acceptable and economically justified.

The southeastern region of Iran is faced with dust phenomenon, which is primarily caused by 120-day Sistan winds and topographic conditions. Moreover, considering the great influence of the winds on the occurrence of dust in the study area, fluctuations of wind speed and dust are of great importance. Therefore, this study sought to investigate and analyze the cycles governing dust and wind speed in Hirmand watershed.As a climatic event, dust phenomenon may occur in all weather conditions. However, the phenomenon disturbs human activities and damages social infrastructures such as agriculture, transportation, and industries in arid and semi-arid regions.Dust storms frequently occur in some parts of the world, especially the Middle East. However, the occurrence of successive dust storms has so increased in the region during the last decade that it is also observed in the cold and rainy months. In this regard, studies conducted on dust storms in Iran suggest that in addition to natural factors that create the mass of fine dust, environmental or human factors are also involved in the occurrence of such a phenomenon and its long-term stability and continuity. 

The current study set out to examine and analyze the cycles governing dust and wind speed in the Hirmand watershed. To this end, the required data concerning wind speed and dust data were collected from 2000 to 2018 (18-year period) from seven synoptic stations located within the Hirmand watershed, including Zabul, Zahak Hamon, Nusratabad, Zahedan, Dermian, Deh Salam, Nehbandan, and Birjand stations, using the information published by the National Meteorological Organization (Figure 1). After extraction and quality control of the data, the code of phenomena related to dust has been used to extract the dust. After preparing the annual wind speed and dust data, spectral analysis has been used to analyze the cycles. 

Fluctuations (cycle), probability, and variance of dust were calculated for Hirmand watershed stations. The high variance indicates the importance of the dominant fluctuation of the cycle. In Birjand station, the time series of dust showed two short-term cycles of two and six years, and the probability of the occurred cycles were 0.2 and 0.5, respectively. Therefore, as the variance of the two-year cycle was found to be higher, it could be said that the cycle in the dust time series of Birjand station is very important.However, only one dominant cycle of two years was observed in Nehbandan station, whose occurrence probability was reported to be 0.5. Moreover, the variance of the two-year cycle in Nehbandan station was 529, indicating the significance of the cycle in the time series of Nehbandan dust.As for the Zabul and Zahak stations (located in eastern half of Hirmand watershed), the dust was found to have six and two-year fluctuations. On the other hand, an 18-year cycle was observed in the dust time series of Nusrat Abad station. Moreover, the examination of wind speed fluctuations in Hirmand watershed stations revealed that wind speed was also dominated by short-term fluctuations (just like what was found for the dust). However, various cycles of six and eleven years were observed in some stations. For instance, an eleven-year cycle was found to have prevailed in the drainage station. Therefore, it can be argued that the fluctuations governing dust and wind speed are similar, indicating the relationship between these two parameters in the southeast region of Iran. 

Sistan basin is known as one of the most active sources of dust and windy desert environments in the world. Although dust activity in Sistan reaches its maximum during summer, the region may be hit by rare severe dust storms in winter. Many studies conducted on precipitation have already used spectral analysis method and the extraction of ruling cycles. However, the technique has not been used in the study of dust and wind.The analysis of dust cycles showed that the major fluctuations governing the dusts of the Hirmand watershed occur in a short-term (two to four years). Moreover, the status of cycles governing wind speed revealed that short-term fluctuations of two to four years prevailed in most stations (the same as what occurred for the dust). Therefore, the fluctuations governing these two parameters in Hirmand watershed vary from two to four years. A similarity is also observed in the dominant cycles of wind speed and dust, indicating the fact that the dominant cycles of this part of Iran are the same under the influence of the macro-scale oceanic atmospheric system.

The environmental degradation model is an environmental impact assessment method that analyzes and quantitatively quantifies the effects of human activities and ecological changes on the environment. Regarding the importance of Sistan’s Chah-Nimeh in the region, this study aims to evaluate the degradation of the Chah-Nimeh of Sistan using the Makhdoum Ecological Demonstration Model (2002).  After dividing the Chah-Nimeh into 28 cells of 50 ha and separating the area of the Chah-Nimeh into three affected areas, including the educational and recreational complex of Baqiyatullah Azam, the agricultural lands of the city, the reproduction and cultivation center of fisheries, and the agricultural lands of Qale Nou, water sampling was performed from 12 points affecting water quality. Physical and chemical factors of water, including biological oxygen, chemical oxygen, total soluble solids, nitrate, nitrite, acidity, alkalinity, phosphate, electrical conductivity, and sulfate were measured as sources of destruction and effects on aquatic life. Physiological density was also obtained by dividing the villagers around the Chah-Nimeh to a radius of 2000 m in each working network on the extent of the land to be exploited in each area. The results obtained and data collection using aquaculture standards indicate that the total area of Chah-Nimeh is classified as an area requiring reconstruction. Accordingly, 21 networks covering 75% of the area have 5–14.99 degradation factors. In addition, seven networks are located in the northern part of the semi-well (affected area of agricultural lands of the city and the reproduction and cultivation center of fisheries), with 25% of the area in the range of 15–19.99 degradation, which requires priority reconstruction.

Research focused on economic and ecological aspects of logging are necessary to evaluate. The aim of present study was assessment of production, cost and damage to soil during semi-mechanized skidding and traditional transportation in Siahkal forests of Guilan. To this, after determining two skidding system and determine work elements, number of 110 skidding turns (70 related to semi-mechanized and 40 related to traditional logging) were studied, also soil sampling was done by systematic-random sampling. Resulted showed that the hourly production with and without delay in semi-mechanized skidding were 21.64 and 28.20m3, respectively. Also, resulted showed that the hourly production with and without delay in traditional transportation were 0.31 and 0.33m3, respectively. On the other hand, resulted showed that the unit cost with and without delay in semi-mechanized skidding were 941695 and 856087 Rial per m3, respectively. Also, resulted showed that the unit cost with and without delay in traditional transportation were 1570172 and 1442825 Rial per m3, respectively. Results of soil compaction and soil humidity in two studied skidding system proved that these indicators in trational method is more than semi-mechanized skidding in 0-10cm soil depth. We concluded that using semi-mechanized skidding is more ratinal that traditional transportation.

Environmental pollution is one of the most important problems that most developing countries face today, which in addition to environmental problems has negative economic and social consequences. Studies show that the shadow economy and institutional factors can be influential factors on the quality of the environment in developing countries, and few studies have been conducted on the effect of these factors on environmental pollution at the same time. The shadow economy occupies a large part of the economy of developing countries, which can affect the quality of the environment, and institutional factors can affect the quality of the environment through different channels, such as controlling and influencing the shadow sector. Therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effective factors of environmental pollution in oil developing countries. Using the panel data model and the generalized least squares method for the period of 2009-2020, the results have shown that the shadow economy and the rule of law directly increase pollution and the interaction effect of the rule of law and the shadow economy has led to a reduction in pollution; Therefore, it can be expected that by controlling the shadow sector, increasing the rule of law will lead to a reduction in pollution. Also, the results have shown that corruption control has directly reduced pollution and the interaction effect of rule of law and corruption control has led to a reduction in pollution. Therefore, controlling corruption and increasing the rule of law at the same time plays an important role in reducing pollution in oil countries. Also, the results confirm the hypothesis of Kuznets for the group of oil developing countries at the beginning of the development path.

The use of common chemical fertilizers such as phosphorous fertilizers improves agricultural production, at the same time, it leads to serious environmental problems and a considerable economic load. Recently, in addition to using biochar as a soil amendment, it has been used to produce biochar-based slow-release fertilizers. The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the behavior of phosphorus release from monopotassium phosphate fertilizers based on the biochars of walnut shell residues, grape pruning and wheat stubble in water and soil. For this purpose, a factorial experiment with a randomized complete design and three replications was performed. The experiment treatments included three types of biochar (residues of grape pruning, walnut shell and wheat stubble) at two pyrolysis temperatures of 350 and 650 degrees and Phosphorous fertilizer (10% and 20% by weight) from the source of monopotassium phosphate. The results showed that the effect of temperature and biochar type on density, apparent density, pH and EC of biochar-based fertilizer tablets was significant. Phosphorus of biochar-based nitrogenous fertilizers was gradually released in water during the experiment in all biochars, but its release rate was higher at the beginning of the experiment. The rate of Phosphorus release during the experiment in biochar-based fertilizer tablets of wheat stubble was lower compared to walnut shell and grape pruning biochars, so that at the end of the experiment, the percentage of Phosphorus release in wheat stubble biochar was 4.6 (1.6) and 8.54 (4.04) percent lower, respectively, compared to walnut shell biochar and grape pruning residues at 350 (or 650) pyrolysis temperature. Also, the lowest and highest percentage of Phosphorus release in soil was observed in wheat stubble biochar and grape pruning residues at both pyrolysis temperatures of 350 and 650 degrees, respectively. Also, the results showed that the effect of the type of biochar on the performance of the corn plant shoot (wet weight, dry weight and relative yield) was significant, and the highest performance was related to the use of Controlled-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers based on wheat stubble biochar. In general, it can be concluded that granulating chemical fertilizers with biochar can be a suitable method for preparing Slow-release fertilizers, which can partially overcome the environmental problems and the economic burden of using chemical fertilizers.

In conservation and fisheries concepts, understanding the needs of fish in the aquatic ecosystems is important. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate and identify the habitat preference pattern of Cobitis saniae in the Sefidroud River. For this purpose, sampling was carried out along the river from downstream to upstream at eight sampling sites each with three repetitions. A total of 28 environmental and physicochemical factors were recorded and measured. The results of the habitat preference based on the studied factors showed that the increase in the values of altitude, depth, river width, salinity, pH, alkalinity, TDS, TSS, hardness, turbidity, EC, COD, No3, PO4, NH3, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and SO4, decreased the habitat suitability indices. The findings showed that the highest and lowest preferences were related to the two factors K (0.881) and NH4 (0.369), respectively. In general, the Sefidroud River was assessed as a moderate to favorable habitat for Sania’s spined loach. The results of this study can be useful to the conservation programs for this species in stressful conditions and for optimum exploitation of the Sefidroud River.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of green innovation strategies and green information system on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy (Case study: Shazand Arak Petrochemical Company). This research is a descriptive survey based on the applied purpose and also in terms of method. The statistical population includes all managers and employees of Shazand Petrochemical Company of Markazi province (Arak city) were selected by available sampling method. For data collection, standard questionnaires were used. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to test the hypotheses and analyze the data. Examining the hypotheses of the data Green Innovation Strategies and Green Information System on Green Innovation and Green Organizational Identity and Environmental Organizational Legitimacy have been proven. The results show that the relationships between all variables of the model are significant and the proposed model is also approved. The research findings also indicate that at the 95% confidence level of green innovation strategies and green information system has a positive and significant effect on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy. The results of testing the hypotheses indicate that the green identity of the organization affects the environmental commitment more than the organizational legitimacy.

Population growth and industrialization have led to an increase in waste and sewage production, which is always a concern for urban managers. With the increasing population, in addition to increased waste production, the need for energy also increases. With the increase in energy consumption, a renewable source must be sought to meet the country's needs. Municipal solid waste and sewage sludge have a high potential for energy production due to the high volume of organic matter in them. Therefore, in addition to waste disposal, appropriate management of waste and sewage can be used as a suitable source of energy production. In this research, simultaneous management of sewage and solid waste in Tehran was carried out. For this purpose, information was implemented on a superstructural model, and then, using Python programming language and decision nodes, decision coefficients from 0 to 100 percent with a one percent step were considered. Finally, 592 scenarios were proposed, and two scenarios were selected as the best scenarios in terms of energy perspective, with the approaches of heat recovery and electricity production. In these two scenarios, approximately two million gigajoules and one million four hundred thousand gigajoules were recovered as the highest heat and electricity from simultaneous management of sewage and solid waste in Tehran city, respectively. By implementing this model for Tehran, urban managers can use waste and sewage as a source to meet the energy needs of waste disposal systems and supply part of the city's energy needs.

The main objective of this study was to develop machine learning models for predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) content in agricultural soils enriched with calcium-rich materials in the central region of Iran. Soil samples were collected from 336 points in agricultural lands with two land uses, namely cropland and orchard, from Alborz Province. The soil organic carbon was measured using the Walkley-Black oxidation method. Remote sensing data, obtained from various sources such as Landsat 8 imagery and MODIS sensor, were utilized for soil organic carbon analysis. Three machine learning models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), and Gene Expression Programming (GEP), were employed in this study to estimate the soil organic carbon content. The results of this research demonstrated positive outcomes, indicating that the simultaneous use of Landsat 8 imagery and MODIS sensor data through the SVR model yielded better performance (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.63, R2/RMSE = 0.98) compared to the use of each image separately. Therefore, this study concluded that the simultaneous synergy of remote sensing data from different sources (referred to as data synergy) can significantly improve the accuracy of predicting soil organic carbon content in calcium-enriched agricultural soils in the central region of Iran. It is recommended to use advanced fusion techniques and deep learning methods for combining features at a higher level.

Qualitative modeling is one of the methodologies employed for assessment. However, skepticism about the outcomes of such models has led to a reduction in their consideration. Consequently, this study employs the qualitative model approach of PAP/RAC to predict and determine the status of water erosion risk in the Qarnaveh watershed. This approach is juxtaposed with the RUSLE model, and influential factors are identified using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to enhance evaluation, delineate vulnerable zones more effectively, and propose viable water and soil conservation strategies. Research findings revealed a 20.56 Km2 difference in predictions between the two models. Nonetheless, a meticulous spatial examination of water erosion risk prediction maps from both PAP/RAC and RUSLE models demonstrates a spatial congruence of 67.74%, predominantly within the "very high" category. Furthermore, the analysis of influential factors (slope, lithology, land use, and vegetation cover density) on the erosion risk prediction map, employing the Bayesian averaging approach, underscores slope as the most significant determinant in the developed superior patterns. In the PAP/RAC model, it exhibits adverse effects in the "very low" category but exerts positive influence in the "moderate," "high," and "very high" categories. In view of the significant influence of slope across all categories, it is therefore necessary to carefully classify and assess regional characteristics for refined predictions. Consequently, based on research findings, the PAP/RAC model emerges as the most efficacious and straightforward qualitative model for estimating water erosion risk in data-deficient watersheds, with precise consideration of its influential factors aligned with Iranian context. This methodological approach, which integrates descriptive and integrative techniques, not only facilitates precise prediction, but also facilitates the formulation of effective water and soil conservation strategies, thereby contributing to the development of a comprehensive strategy for sustainable watershed management.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges that humanity has faced in the 21st century, because it can have severe effects on water resources, agriculture, energy, and even human bioclimate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of climatic parameters in four sites of Plour, Rineh, Kangarchal and Poshtkoh in Mazandaran province using general atmospheric circulation models. For this purpose, the data of IPSL-CM5A-MR and CSIRO-MK36 models under RCP4/5 and RCP8/5 scenarios have been scaled with LARS WG statistical micro-rotator to evaluate the impact of climate change. After carrying out calibration, verification and modeling of data in two stations (Abali and Kiasar), the effectiveness of the models in terms of the amount of compliance of the observed data with the simulated value using the RMSE index, R2, MAE was evaluated. The obtained results showed that IPSL-CM5A-MR and CSIRO-MK36 models obtain acceptable results. Considering that in Abali station, the amount of rainfall in the base period is 542.08 mm under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in both IPSL-CM5A-MR and CSIRO-MK36 models in the future between (2021-2060) will increase by 0.91-0.97 percent. The average maximum temperature will increase by 1.7-2.2 centigrade and minimum temperature by 1.56-1.88 centigrade compared to the base period. Accordingly, the amount of rainfall in the base period in Kiasar station is 528.46 mm, which under the scenarios of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in both models in the future between the years (2021-2060) is 96. 0-87% will increase. The average maximum temperature will increase by 1.72-18.2 centigrade and the minimum temperature will increase by 1.62-1.82 centigrade compared to the base period.

In general, mining is associated with the destruction of natural resources and the environment, intentionally or unintentionally. This has gone so far that the supporters and advocates of natural resources and the environment consider mining and mining activities as one of the most important factors in the destruction of natural resources and the environment. On the other hand, the importance and role of mining and mining in the progress of the country and achieving sustainable development is not hidden from anyone. In other words, mining activities cannot be stopped, nor can the importance of natural resources and environment be ignored as one of the pillars of sustainable development. What is certain is the point of interaction and balance of these two categories of restoration and revitalization of mines. This means that after benefiting from small and large mines, it is necessary to restore and restore these mines with the aim of sustaining natural resources and the environment, and as far as possible, the destructive conditions and disturbances created should be returned to the previous state. Mining or close to the original state.

Water plays a vital role in human life and is essential for the survival of all living organisms. Managing water consumption is crucial for preserving water resources and preventing water scarcity crises. Various methods for water conservation exist, including the use of water-efficient equipment, repairing leaks, and educating the community about optimal water usage patterns. These actions can contribute to reducing water wastage and improving the efficiency of water resource utilization. Therefore, effective measures in the management and efficiency of water resources are essential. The research tool in this study is a questionnaire developed by the researcher, encompassing indicators affecting sustainable water resource management and development. Data analysis in this research utilized Pearson correlation, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression tests in SPSS version 25 software. The questionnaire results identified the risk management component as the most important indicator with an average of 7.4, while the research and education promotion component had the lowest importance with an average of 2.3 for sustainable water resource management and development in the country. The regression model of the research showed that, among the factors examined, water efficiency, community participation, and water supply for basic needs demonstrated a more significant impact and influence compared to other dimensions. Considering the research findings, it can be concluded that water resource utilization in Iran is not compatible with sustainable development, and deficiencies in water and groundwater management are among the significant factors contributing to water scarcity in the country. Therefore, implementing policies and initiatives that increase water consumption efficiency while simultaneously reducing negative environmental impacts is proposed as a managerial solution, along with the utilization of artificial neural networks for identifying water wastage sources in future studies.

Management and planning have different levels, of which the strategy is the highest level and has a long-term approach to resource allocation and decision making. Comprehensive watershed management is one of the reliable and accepted management approaches of the world community, which is a coordinated management of physical, biological, social and economic systems. The SWOT model is one of the strategic planning models. Due to its structural features and extensive capabilities, this model can easily be used in the management of diverse natural and human systems, including watershed management. SWOT analysis identifies threats and opportunities in the external environment of a system and to recognize internal weaknesses and strengths of that system. The correct identification of the problems in the field is also one of the most important steps in implementing this approach. The SWOT model can be used in comprehensive watershed management due to strategic planning because of its flexibility and ability to understand cause and effect relationships.