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جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "Risk assessment" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

  • Fariba Jalali*, Nahid Ghobadi
    Background & Aims

    The interaction of household waste with many waste materials that are now used in various forms in industries and residential homes, and their lack of separation, has doubled the problems of garbage collection and disposal. This study aimed to assess the environmental risks associated with dry solid waste separation at a designated hall in District 10 of Karaj, Iran, utilizing the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method.

    Materials & Methods

    The FMEA method was employed to identify and evaluate potential environmental hazards, including soil and groundwater pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, and reduced fuel resources. Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) were calculated for each hazard based on severity, occurrence, and detectability.

    Results

    The results indicated that soil pollution from salon washwater (RPN 504), air pollution from burning dry waste (RPN 441), and groundwater pollution from salon washwater (RPN 448) posed the highest risks. Other significant risks included soil pollution from spraying (RPN 288), groundwater pollution from pesticide spraying (RPN 294), and reduced fuel resources (RPN 280).

    Conclusion

    The findings emphasize the need for critical control measures, such as installing a standard septic tank, prohibiting the burning of waste, improving the hall's flooring and drainage system, and implementing proper waste disposal and disinfection practices. This study underscores the importance of a comprehensive risk assessment approach for effective waste management and environmental protection in urban areas.

    Keywords: Environmental Risks, FMEA, Risk Assessment, Waste Separation
  • Mohammadjavad Mehrabanian, Mehdi Dehghani Firoozabadi, Behrang Nooralishahi, Afarin Zamani, Naser Kachoueian
    Background

    Heart rate variability (HRV) is known to play a significant role in predicting poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Nonetheless, its potential for predicting long-term adverse outcomes following revascularization procedures remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate this relationship.

    Methods

    This prospective cohort study included 258 consecutive patients undergoing elective isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). All patients required ICU referral before hospital discharge. A 3-week cardiac rehabilitation program with 24-hour ECG Holter monitoring was planned for all patients. HRV was analyzed by computer and manually over-read. During a follow-up period ranging from 1 to 3 years, patients were contacted via phone to assess long-term outcomes, including death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), such as myocardial infarction, reoperation, or brain stroke.

    Results

    Out of 258 patients (177 males and 81 females) with an average age of 58.80±9.60 years, 4.3% of patients died due to cardiovascular events, and 15.1% experienced long-term MACE. A comparison of HRV indicators between the non-surviving and surviving subgroups revealed significantly lower mean RR, mean standard deviation of normal-to-normal HRV interval (SDNN), and low and high-frequency values in the former group. However, when comparing HRV indicators between the subgroups with and without long-term MACE, no significant differences were observed. Cox proportional hazard analysis demonstrated that decreased HRV (SDNN) effectively predicted long-term mortality in patients who underwent CABG.

    Conclusion

    Lower postoperative HRV serves as a valuable predictor of long-term mortality after CABG in ICU patients, with reduced SDNN values particularly relevant for anticipating long-term adverse events.

    Keywords: Cardiac Surgery, Heart Rate Variability, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Intensive Care Units, Prognosis, Mortality, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Risk Assessment
  • Elyss G. Billedo*, Rose Elaine P. Guilaran, Avegail D. Apor, Miszhah Faye M. Lipana, Paola Bianca M. Buiser

    This study aimed to update the current consumption database for dietary exposure assessment based on the 2019 browser version of FoodEx2 – the internationally recommended harmonization tool for food code assignment. The updated food consumption database was utilized to estimate the dietary exposure of Filipinos to sulfites, a widely used food additive. A total of 1,541 food items were re-coded using the new FoodEx2 catalog browser. The dietary exposure assessment indicated that Filipinos‟ sulfite exposure varies from 27% to 109% of the Allowable Daily Intake (0.7 mg kg-1) for mean and high-level per capita consumption, respectively. Water-based beverages were the main contributor to sulfite exposure across all ages and gender groups. In general, infants and children were highly exposed to sulfites compared with the adults due to their relatively low average body weight. An internationally harmonized national food consumption database in the Philippines was therefore developed, which can provide detailed food information that can assist in facilitating the national, regional, and international agricultural and food programs of food safety.

    Keywords: Risk Assessment, Food Additive, Food Chemical Hazard, Sulfite Exposure
  • Ali Askari, Hasan Maihanparast, Laila Mahdinasab, Ali Salehi Sahlabadi *, Masoud Davoodi, Mohammad Nemati

    One of the main factors in achieving safety management and safety objectives is designing in addition, applying specific risk evaluation techniques. The present study takes this approach to manage the risks related to non-routine activities and hazardous work inOperation and Maintenance (O&M) project inan oilfield. This semi-quantitative and descriptive study was conducted at the Sarvak Azar oil field in Iran in 2023. A combination of the Hazard and Effect Management Process (HEMP) and the Hazard and Risk Prioritization Index (HARPI) are used to assess the risk of activities. Then, to simplify managers' decisions to implement control measures, final risk scores reported based on the Pareto principle. The results show that based on the conventional use of RPN, T11 (Desalters bypassing; 850), has the highest risk, and T1 (PSV installation on the off spec tank; 30) activity has the lowest calculated risk. However, based on the HEMI, T12 (Electrical substation commissioning; 749.7) has the highest calculated risk, and the lowest estimated risk score is associated with T7 (Loading chemical barrels and collecting pallets and empty barrels; 25.5). Furthermore, a survey of the standard deviation of the data shows that among the factors added to the risk assessment, involved people number (Pi), is more influential than other factors. The study showed we could optimize the conventional use of the risk priority number (RPN) with slight modifications. Changes made while maintaining the simplicity and applicability of the method can improve the accuracy of the priority set by the RPN.

    Keywords: Risk Priority Number, Risk Assessment, Oil, Gas Industry, HARPI, HMEI
  • Nahid Seyrafian, Mansour Pournouri*, Hamidreza Ghaffarzadeh, Reza Simbar
    Background

    The issue of environmental insurance has been raised since the early 1990s and has undergone extensive changes until today. The purpose of this research is to design a model for determining environmental insurance premiums related to maritime losses and pollution resulting from the oil and gas industry.

    Methods

    This study is applied and employs survey methodologies as well as expert panels. In order to analyze the data, SPSS 22 and Expert Choice 11 software were used while hierarchical analysis was used to prioritize the components of the model. The final model was designed based on the Environmental Failure Mode and Effects Analysis method (EFMEA), and its goodness of fit was determined through conformity factor analysis.

    Results

    The research identified six categories of activities and four major types of accidents associated with the oil and gas industry. Moreover, five environmental aspects were determined. Fire and explosions in facilities, pipelines, and tanks (0.886), Pipeline breakage or corrosion (0.714), Maritime accidents and vessel collisions (0.656), and Operational disruptions in facilities (0.631) were prioritized respectively. The calculated Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) index was 0.068, indicating that the proposed model demonstrates an adequate fit.

    Conclusion

    Environmental pollution risks could be covered by commercial insurance by relying on international law within domestic, regional, or global insurance policies in compliance with the principles governing such policies.

    Keywords: Insurance Premiums, Environmental Loss, Oil, Gas Industry, Risk Assessment, EFMEA
  • Mahboobeh Shojaei, Saeed Mohammadi, Nader Vazife Shirani, Mohsen Bakhshande, Mohammadhesam Rafiee*
    Background

    The risk assessment of research projects provides a valuable approach for designing proper methodology, assuring data reliability, and accurately forecasting the resource requirements. Although X-ray irradiation has been globally recognized as a safe method for blood bag sterilization, it has not replaced gamma irradiation in Iran. To facilitate this replacement, a suitable methodology and the assessment of the intervening factors and the risks involved are required. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the risks associated with X-ray and gamma irradiation using Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) as a preliminary model applied in various scientific centers.

    Materials and Methods

    This interventional study uses FMEA to identify the failure modes in six primary processes. Severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection (D) scores were assigned to each failure mode, and their product, the Risk Priority Number (RPN), was calculated to rank the risk levels and compare the failure modes. Control and preventive measures were defined for the failure modes, and the RPN scores were re-evaluated six months later to assess their effectiveness.

    Results

    Twenty-two failure modes with RPN scores ranging from 24 to 360 were identified and evaluated. Through defining control and preventive measures for all the analyzed failure modes, the overall risk level was reduced from a baseline RPN of 114.36 ± 94.97 to a re-scored RPN of 12.18 ± 7.64. This represents an approximately 89.45% reduction from the baseline. The reduction in RPN was primarily due to the changes in the occurrence and then detection.

    Conclusion

    FMEA is a robust tool for analyzing and mitigating risks in research projects, enhancing their quality before implementation. By this method, the risks associated with replacing gamma irradiation with X-ray irradiation for blood bags can be identified and controlled, leading to the elimination of irradiation limitations for blood bags nationwide.

    Keywords: Blood, FMEA, Gamma-Ray, Risk Assessment, X-Ray
  • R. Tahmasebi, N. Vakili Saatloo, P. Sadighara, A. Abedini, M. Gheshlaghi, I. Limam, T. Zeinali*
    Background

    Food contamination with mycotoxins is a global concern. Patulin, a mycotoxin secreted by molds, such as Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus clavatus, poses significant health risks. This study aimed to determine the presence of patulin in cow’s milk in Urmia, Iran, and to assess dietary intake of patulin and the associated Hazard Index.

    Methods

    A total of 30 individual cow milk samples were collected during the summer of 2020 from a village near Urmia, Iran. Patulin levels were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array. Data was analyzed through SPSS.

    Results

    Incidence rate of patulin in milk was 43.3%, with the mean of 0.34 µg/L. The Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake exceeded the estimated dietary intake, which ranged from 0.000063 for adults to 0.00086 µg/L for children. The Hazard Index was below one, indicating no non-carcinogenic health hazards.

    Conclusion

    Patulin contamination was quantified in milk samples from Urmia, Iran. Given the potential health implications of patulin contamination, it is essential for government authorities and regulatory agencies involved in milk production to monitor mycotoxin residues and implement hazard control measures throughout the food supply chain.

    Keywords: Milk, Chromatography, Mycotoxins, Patulin, Risk Assessment
  • سودابه قدسی، مینا شیخ، فرزانه محمدی، مهناز نیک آئین*
    زمینه و هدف

    هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چند حلقه ای (PAHs) به دلیل اثرات مضر بر سلامتی، در سال های اخیر توجه زیادی را به خود جلب کرده اند. این مطالعه با هدف اندازه گیری غلظت PAHs متصل به ذرات کوچکتر از µm 2/5 (PM2.5) و ارزیابی خطر بهداشتی ناشی از آنها انجام گرفت.  

    روش بررسی

    38 نمونه هوا با استفاده از دستگاه نمونه بردار ذرات همراه با ورودی جهت جداسازی PM2.5  از بخش مرکزی شهر اصفهان جمع آوری گردید. جهت آنالیز نمونه ها از دستگاه GC-MS استفاده شد. به منظور شناسایی منابع احتمالی PAHs  از نسبت های مولکولی استفاده شد. همچنین ارزیابی خطر سرطان زایی و غیر سرطان زایی ترکیبات PAH برای دو گروه کودکان و افراد بزرگسال با استفاده از شبیه سازی مونت کارلو انجام گرفت.

    یافته ها

    از میان 16ترکیب PAH اولویت دار، 7 ترکیب با محدوده میانگین غلظت ng/m3 8/17 - 0/003 شناسایی شدند. نسبت های مولکولی نشان داد که منابع پایروژنیک، منابع عمده تولید کننده PAHs در هوا هستند.  مقدار  میانه خطر سرطان زایی برای کودکان و بزرگسالان به ترتیب برابر با 8-10× 3/1 و 8-10× 5/99 برآورد شد. همچنین مقدار میانه خطر غیر سرطان زایی برای ترکیبات  PAH، 1-10× 3/08 برآورد شد.

    نتیجه گیری

    نتایج برآورد ارزیابی خطر احتمالی نشان داد که غلظت موجود ترکیبات PAH متصل به ذرات ریز منجر به خطر قابل توجهی برای انسان های در معرض نمی شود. اما باتوجه به اینکه در این مطالعه صرفا ارزیابی خطر PAHs مرتبط با ذرات ریز بررسی گردید، لازم است ارزیابی خطر در مورد کل PAHs موجود در اتمسفر و در محل های بیشتری انجام پذیرد.

    کلید واژگان: PM2.5, هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چندحلقه ای, ارزیابی خطر, سرطان زایی, اتمسفر
    Soudabeh Ghodsi, Mina Sheikh, Farzaneh Mohammadi, Mahnaz Nikaeen*
    Background and Objective

    The adverse health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have received significant attention in recent years. This study aimed to measure the concentration of PAHs associated with fine particles and assess the health risks posed by these compounds.

    Materials and Methods

    A total of 38 air samples were collected from the central part of Isfahan city using a particle sampler equipped with an inlet to capture particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5). The samples were analyzed using GC-MS, and molecular ratios were used to identify potential sources of PAHs. Additionally, a Monte Carlo simulation was employed to perform a probabilistic risk assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects of PAHs for two groups:  children and adults.

    Results

    Out of the 16 priority PAH compounds, seven compounds were identified, with average concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 17.8 ng/m3. Molecular ratios indicated that pyrogenic sources were the main contributors to PAHs in the air. The median carcinogenic risk for children and adults was estimated to be 3.1×10-8 and 5.99×10-8, respectively. The median non-carcinogenic risk for PAH compounds was estimated at 3.08×10-1.

    Conclusion

    The probabilistic risk assessment revealed that the PAHs concentrations associated with fine particles do not pose a significant risk to exposed individuals. However, it is important to note that this study focused solely on the risk assessment of PAHs associated with fine particles. A comprehensive risk assessment of all PAHs present in the atmosphere is, therefore, recommended.

    Keywords: PM2.5, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Risk Assessment, Carcinogenesis, Atmosphere
  • بهنام سارویی، سهیل سبحان اردکانی*، سید علی جوزی
    زمینه و هدف

    نظر به گسترش روزافزون صنایع پتروشیمی در ایران و ظرفیت بالای بروز حوادثی هم چون آتش سوزی و انفجار در این صنایع، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی ریسک حوادث مخازن حاوی مواد اشتعال زا در پتروشیمی شیراز با استفاده از روش پاپیونی (Bow-tie) انجام شد.

    مواد و روش ها

    در این پژوهش، جامعه آماری شامل: مدیران، کارشناسان و کارمندهای پتروشیمی شیراز بود که با استفاده از روش پاپیونی و براساس چک لیست نسبت به ارزیابی و تحلیل ریسک مخازن حاوی مواد اشتعال زا در پتروشیمی شیراز اقدام کردند. از طرفی، داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار Bow Tie XP  پردازش شدند.

    یافته ها

    نتایج نشان داد که از مجموع 233 مورد موانع پیشگیرانه و کاهنده، 193 مورد معادل 82/8 درصد مربوط به عامل رفتاری بوده است. سه مورد معادل 1/29 درصد مربوط به عوامل سخت افزار فعال، 20 مورد معادل 8/58 درصد مربوط به عوامل فنی-اجتماعی، 12 مورد معادل 5/15 درصد مربوط به عوامل سخت افزار پیوسته و پنج مورد معادل 2/15 درصد نیز مربوط به عوامل سخت افزار غیرفعال بوده است. لذا، عوامل رفتاری از بیش ترین میزان موانع پیشگیرانه و کاهنده برخوردار بوده و اختلاف فاحشی با سایر عوامل داشت.

    نتیجه گیری

    افزایش آگاهی نیروی انسانی شاغل در واحدهای نگهداری و مراقبت از مخازن حاوی مواد اشتعال زا، می تواند راهکار مناسبی برای مدیران در راستای ارتقای سطح ایمنی این بخش ها باشد که این موضوع موید لزوم تغییر و ارتقا نگرش، اصلاح ساختار و برنامه ریزی آموزش های اثربخش و موثر در این حوزه است که هزینه های مستقیم بالایی نیز درپی نداشته، و در عین حال از شانس بازگشت سرمایه خوبی نیز برخوردار است.

    کلید واژگان: ارزیابی ریسک, روش پاپیونی, پتروشیمی شیراز, مواد اشتعال زا, ایران
    Behnam Saruei, Soheil Sobhan Ardakani*, Seyed Ali Jozi
    Background and Purpose

    Considering the ever-increasing expansion of petrochemical industries in Iran and the high capacity of accidents such as fire and explosion in these industries, this study was conducted to evaluate and analyze of risks of tanks containing flammable substances in Shiraz Petrochemical Company using bow-tie model.

    Materials & Methods

    In the current study, the statistical population included: managers, experts, and employees of Shiraz Petrochemical Company, who evaluated and analyzed the risk of tanks containing flammable substances using the bow-tie model based on the checklist. Also, the collected data were processed using Bow TieXP software version 12.02. 

    Results

    Based on the results obtained, among the 233 preventive and reducing obstacles, 193 cases, i.e. 82.8%, were related to the behavioral factor. Three cases equal to 1.29% related to active hardware factors, 20 cases equal to 8.58% related to technical-social factors, 12 cases equal to 5.15% related to continuous hardware factors and five cases equal to 2.15% were related to passive hardware factors. Therefore, behavioral factors had the highest amount of preventive and reducing barriers and had a significant difference with other factors also.

    Conclusion

    Increasing the awareness of the humans working in the maintenance and care of tanks containing flammable substances division could be a suitable solution for managers to increase the safety level of these departments. This confirms the need to change and improve the attitude, reform the structure, and plan effective and efficient training in this field that does not involve high direct costs and at the same time has a good chance of returning capital. Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

    Keywords: Risk Assessment, Bow-Tie Model, Shiraz Petrochemical Company, Flammable Substances, Iran
  • Amir Alinejad Khorram, Seyyed Ali Hojjati, Fatemeh Sodeifian, Roya Kolahchi, Mohammad Farjami, Hossein Rahnama, Farzad Allameh *
    Introduction

    Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a type of necrotizing fasciitis affecting the external genitalia or perineum. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) has been reported as a prognostic factor to evaluate the outcomes of various diseases. This study aimed to investigate the utility of GNRI in predicting the mortality of FG patients.

    Methods

    This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the patients admitted to a referral hospital, during 14 years, with diagnosis of FG. The role of GNRI in predicting the mortality of these patients was studied. To further investigate the relationship of the GNRI score with patients’ prognosis, we controlled for the scores of Fournier’s Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI) and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

    Results

    78 patients with the mean age of 60.79 ± 13.76 (range: 24 -85) years were included in the study (89.74% male). The mortality rate in this series was 23 (29.5%) cases. The survived cases had significantly higher GNRI score (p < 0.001), higher Albumin level (p < 0.001), higher weight (p = 0.04), and lower mortality risk based on FGSI score (p < 0.001). In patients with low mortality risk according to FGSI score (p = 0.036) and mild comorbidities based on CCI score (p = 0.030), the association between GNRI and final prognosis was significant. In contrast, in patients with high mortality risk according to FGSI score (p =0.074) and moderate (p = 0.118) and severe (p = 0.215) comorbidities by CCI score this association was not significant. The independent predictors of mortality in FG patients were GNRI score (OR: 1.242, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.41; p =0.001) and FGSI score (OR: 54.614, 95%CI: 6.89, 432.31; p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of GNRI score in predicting themortality of FG patients was 0.84 (95%CI: 0.75 - 0.93). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of GNRI score at the optimal cut-off point (78.5) were, 80%, 77.9%, 60.6%, 90.4%, 3.69, and 0.255 respectively.

    Conclusion

    Our findings indicate that among patients withmild FG, as assessed by FGSI score, and those with low comorbidities based on CCI score, the GNRI score in survivors was significantly higher than that in non-survived. Additionally, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the GNRI score serves as an independent predictor of patient outcomes.

    Keywords: Fasciitis, Genitalia, Geriatrics, Mortality, Nutritional Status, Prognosis, Risk Assessment
  • Ali Alboghobeish, Hamidreza Azimi, Gholamabbas Shirali, Mostafa Pouyakian*
    Background

    Socio-technical systems are inherently complex, non-linear, uncertain, and dynamic. The complexity of the relationships between the components of these systems is unfathomable, and it is very difficult to predict, model, and analyze their components. In such systems, safety is not a linear and direct process. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify emerging risks using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), which can provide a new perspective in completing traditional risk analysis methods.

    Materials and Methods

    The study analyzed the air separation unit process in a steel industry for performance resonance by collecting data through field studies and expert opinions. Using the FRAM method, risks associated with the unit process were evaluated and analyzed.

    Results

    Ten essential functions of the system were identified. The results revealed that the two functions of "air compression" and "distribution and storage" had high variability, and a high resonance was observed in these two functions. The other functions also indicated moderate and low variability.

    Conclusions

    The study identified ten essential functions in an air separation unit, with “air compression,” “distribution,” and “storage” showing high variability and resonance. Improving their consistency and reliability could benefit the system. Other functions had moderate to low variability. Future work should focus on optimizing all functions, especially those with high variability, to address tight interactions and resonance issues. The analysis offers a functional map for targeted system improvements.

    Keywords: Risk Assessment, Safety Management, Steel
  • ابراهیم درویشی، کمال الدین عابدی، فاروق محمدیان*، هیوا عثمانی، پریا ساعدی، جمشید خوبی، آرزو یاری، بیژن نوری
    سابقه و هدف

    با توجه به وجود تعداد بالای دانشجویان، کارکنان و اساتید و همچنین بخش های متنوع آموزشی و تحقیقاتی در محیط های دانشگاهی فراهم کردن محیطی ایمن و عاری از خطر یکی از چالش های اصلی در دانشگاه ها و مراکز آموزش عالی است. هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی جامع و دقیق خطرات در بخش های مختلف دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان بود.

    مواد و روش ها

    پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی حاضر بر روی ساختمان ها، آزمایشگاه ها، موتورخانه ها، کتابخانه ها و مسیرهای عبور و مرور در دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان انجام گردید. ارزیابی ریسک حریق با نرم افزار FRAME (روش ارزیابی خطر آتش سوزی برای مهندسی) در سه حیطه دارایی، افراد و فعالیت ها انجام گردید. وضعیت ایمنی آزمایشگاه های آموزشی و تحقیقاتی با روش اختصاصی ACHiL (ارزیابی و طبقه بندی خطرات در آزمایشگاه ها) ارزیابی شد. نواقص ساختمان ها، تاسیسات موتورخانه و تابلو و تجهیزات برقی با روش FMEA (تحلیل حالت شکست و اثر) شناسایی و ارزشیابی گردید. سطح ایمنی مسیرهای تردد و حمل ونقل، پارکینگ، معابر و خیابان های مجموعه با روش ET&BA (تجزیه وتحلیل ردیابی انرژی و موانع) بررسی گردید.

    یافته ها

    ریسک حریق برای افراد و نیز دارایی و فعالیت ها در همه دانشکده ها نامطلوب (بالاتر از یک) ارزیابی گردید. در آزمایشگاه بیشترین خطرات مربوط به سیلندرهای تحت فشار با سطح ریسک 12، مواد خورنده 6 و محلول های سمی 6 بود. در ساختمان ها بالاترین عدد اولویت ریسک مرتبط با نقص در برنامه شرایط اضطراری، ارتفاع غیراستاندارد نرده راه پله ها و عرض کم پلکان ها بود همچنین در موتورخانه ها بیشتر نقص ها مرتبط با مخزن های سوخت (نشتی شیرهای تخلیه) و دیگ های آب گرم (حرارت و فشار بیش ازحد) با سطح ریسک بالاتر از 200 بود. وضعیت ایمنی برق به دلیل نقص در سیستم های حفاظتی (اتصال به زمین و کلید محافظ جان) نامناسب ارزیابی شد. انرژی شیمیایی و پتانسیل جزء مهم ترین انرژی های آسیب رسان به مسیرها و معابر بودند.

    نتیجه گیری

    به طور کلی وضعیت ایمنی پردیس نامطلوب بوده و شرایط در همه بخش ها و فعالیت ها هشداردهنده است. عمده ترین ریسک موجود ریسک حریق ارزیابی شد و خطرناک ترین بخش دانشگاه نیز موتورخانه ها هستند. از این رو باید برنامه ریزی موثر جهت کنترل و مدیریت ریسک های شناسایی در مجموعه پردیس به ترتیب اولویت صورت و اجرا گردد.

    کلید واژگان: ارزیابی ریسک, مدیریت ایمنی, ایمنی حریق, ایمنی مواد شیمیایی
    Ebrahim Darvishi, Kamaladdin Abedi, Farough Mohammadian*, Hiwa Osmani, Paria Saedi, Jamshid Khoubi, Arezoo Yari, Bijan Nuri
    Background and Aim

    Considering the increased number of students, staff and faculties and various educational and research departments in university environments, provision of a safe environment is one of the main challenges in the universities and higher education centers. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive and detailed assessment of risks in different departments of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences.

    Material and Method

    In this descriptive-analytical study we assessed buildings, laboratories, engine room heating systems, libraries and commuting routes at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. Fire risk assessment was performed in three areas of properties, people and activities by FRAME (Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering) software. The safety of laboratories was assessed by ACHiL (Assessment and Classification of Hazards in Laboratories) specific method. Failures in buildings, engine room heating systems, electrical panels and equipment were identified and evaluated by the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) method. The safety level of traffic and transportation routes, parking lots and streets were assessed by ET&BA (Energy Trace & Barrier Analysis) method.  

    Results

    The fire risk level for individuals, properties and activities in all colleges was unfavorable (R˃1). In the laboratory, the main risks were related to chemicals such as pressurized cylinders (R=12), corrosive substances (R=6) and toxic solutions (R=6). In the buildings, the highest risks were related to a fault in the emergency condition plan, non standard height of the stairs case and low width of the stairs. Also, in the engine room heating systems, most of the risks were related to fuel tanks (leaks of valves) and boilers (excessive temperature and pressure) with R2˃00. The electrical safety status was assessed unsuitable due to failures in the protection systems (grounding system and life-saving switch). Chemical and potential energies were among the most important energies damaging the paths and passages.

    Conclusion

    The safety level of the campus is unfavorable and the safety conditions in all departments and activities are alarming. The main risk is the risk of fire and the most dangerous part is the engine room. Therefore, effective planning to control and manage the risks in the campus complex should be done on the basis of risk priority.e safety situation can help universities and academic institutions develop an effective risk management program.

    Keywords: Risk, Risk Assessment, Safety Management, Chemical Safety
  • نفیسه هادئی، فائزه یعقوبی، زهرا بهزاد بصیرت، امیر محمد بهزاد بصیرت، جواد مومنی*
    مقدمه

    سالانه حدود 700 هزار نفر در سراسر جهان جان خود را بر اثر خودکشی از دست می دهند، فاجعه ای که افراد در هر سن، فرهنگ و گروه اجتماعی را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. این آمار نگران کننده، خودکشی را به یک موضوع مهم بهداشت عمومی در سطح جهانی تبدیل کرده است و سازمان بهداشت جهانی (WHO) را بر آن داشته است که کاهش نرخ خودکشی را در توسعه پایدار و اهداف بلند مدت سلامت لحاظ کند. در پاسخ، WHO دستورالعمل های جامعی برای حمایت از کشورها در اجرای استراتژی های پیشگیری از خودکشی مبتنی بر شواهد ایجاد کرده است. این استراتژی ها بر چهار حوزه کلیدی تمرکز دارند. محدود کردن دسترسی به وسایل خودکشی، ترویج پوشش رسانه ای مسئولانه، افزایش مهارت های زندگی و اطمینان از شناسایی، ارزیابی، مدیریت و مراقبت مستمر از افراد در معرض خطر.

    نتیجه گیری

    پیشگیری از خودکشی و مدیریت رفتارهای پرخطر مستلزم رویکردی کل نگر، شامل سیاست های عمومی در سطح کلان، شناسایی افراد در معرض خطر، ارزیابی شدت تهدید، مداخلات روانشناختی و دارویی مناسب، حمایت های اجتماعی، عاطفی و معنوی و در نهایت مراقبت پیگیرانه طولانی مدت است.

    کلید واژگان: مداخلات روانی اجتماعی, درمان دارویی, درمان اورژانسی, ارزیابی ریسک, مداخله در بحران
    Nafise Hadei, Faezeh Yaghoubi, Zahra Behzad Basirat, Amirmohamad Behzad Basirat, Javad Momeni*
    Introduction

    Every year, nearly 700,000 people worldwide lose their lives to suicide, a tragedy that affects individuals of all ages, cultures, and social groups. This alarming statistic has made suicide a critical global public health issue, prompting the World Health Organization to include the reduction of suicide rates in their sustainable development and long-term health goals. In response, the WHO has developed comprehensive guidelines to support countries in implementing evidence-based suicide prevention strategies. These strategies focus on four key areas: restricting access to suicide means, promoting responsible media coverage, enhancing life skills, and ensuring the early identification, assessment, management, and continuous care of individuals at risk.

    Conclusion

    Suicide prevention and the management of high-risk behaviors require a holistic approach, encompassing public policies at the macro level, the identification of at-risk individuals, assessment of the severity of the threat, appropriate psychological and pharmacological interventions, social, emotional, and spiritual support, and, ultimately, long-term follow-up care.

    Keywords: Psychosocial Intervention, Drug Therapy, Emergency Treatment, Risk Assessment, Crisis Intervention
  • Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Rahim Tahmasebi, Azita Noroozi*
    Aims

    High blood pressure is a serious medical condition. Medical adherence is crucial to prevent complications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a cardiovascular risk assessment and an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model on medical adherence among hypertensive patients.

    Methods

    This semi-experimental study was conducted in three groups included risk assessment &education group, risk assessment group, and control group. Forty patients entered in each group. Patients’ risk assessment in two interventional groups were individually evaluated with using the Framingham model and the type of risk (low, moderate, or high risk) were interpreted for increasing perceived susceptibility and intervention personalizing. Also, the patients in risk assessment & education group received an educational booklet based on HBM constructs. All groups completed questionnaires included knowledge, HBM constructs, Moriski's medication adherence questionnaire, and treatment compliance (ratio of consumed to prescribed drugs) at the beginning and three months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version26.

    Findings

    The three groups were similar in terms of demographic variables. Comparing the groups over time indicated that the patients in risk assessment&education group had significant improvements in all constructs of the Health Belief Model. In contrast, the risk assessment group demonstrated improvements only in perceived barriers, perceived benefits, perceived self-efficacy, and awareness. Both interventional groups exhibited increased treatment compliance and medical adherence.

    Conclusion

    The study findings demonstrated that the integrated educational and risk assessment intervention was more effective in improving awareness and enhancing the constructs of the Health Belief Model compared to risk assessment alone.

    Keywords: High Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Risk Assessment, Health Belief Model
  • عباس شاهسونی، انوشیروان محسنی بندپی، معصومه رحمتی نیا، سید احمد فلاح*
    مقدمه

    به دلیل شرایط خاص اتاق های عمل، کنترل عفونت جهت حفظ سلامت افراد، در این مکان ها مهم است. لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی نرخ تبادل هوا و ارزیابی ریسک سلامتی بیوآئروسل های هوابرد، در اتاق های عمل مراکز جراحی و بیمارستان ها انجام شد.

    روش بررسی

    در این مطالعه از نتایج سنجش تراکم بیوآئروسل ها، توسط شرکت های آلاینده سنجی در سال 1401استفاده گردید. با کمک نرم افزار اکسل، به  صورت تصادفی، تعداد 10 اتاق عمل انتخاب و مجدد در سال 1402 پایایی نتایج این دو سال مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در تمام گزارشات شرکت های پایش نمونه برداری و آنالیز نمونه ها براساس روش NIOSH 0800 بود. تعداد دفعات تعویض هوا با کمک آنمومتر حرارتی تعیین شد. در نهایت ریسک سلامتی محاسبه و پیش بینی احتمال ریسک با شبیه سازی مونت کارلو، در نرم افزارCrystal Ball  انجام شد. ضریب همبستگی پیرسون جهت تعیین ارتباط بین تعداد بیوآئروسل ها و نرخ تعویض هوا و آزمون ICC جهت بررسی پایایی بین نتایج دو سال استفاده شد.

    نتایج

    در بین 62 اتاق عمل، میانگین تعداد کلونی های باکتریایی و قارچی، به ترتیب  CFU/m373/69 ±59/14و CFU/m3 67/21±52/4 بود، که کمتر از حد توصیه شده سازمان بهداشت جهانی می باشند. میانگین نرخ تعویض هوا برابر 67/19 ± 18/2به دست آمد. بین تعداد تعویض هوا و تعداد کلونی ها، ارتباط معنی داری آماری مشاهده نشد (05/0p-value ≥). سطح ریسک بهداشتی بیوآئروسل ها در سطح قابل قبول بود و غلظت بیوآئروسل ها به عنوان، حساس ترین متغیر تاثیرگذار بر سطح ریسک شناخته شد.

    نتیجه گیری

    بررسی نتایج نشان داد؛ که در مقطع زمانی سال1401 و 1402، افزایش تعداد تعویض هوا، نمی تواند منجر به کاهش بار آلودگی بیوآئروسل ها در اتاق های عمل شود. شاید دلیل این امر، عدم همزمانی در اندازه گیری ها باشد. لذا برای شفاف سازی این موضوع، انجام مطالعات بیشتر در آینده ضروری است.

    کلید واژگان: بیوآئروسل ها, باکتری, قارچ, نرخ تبادل هوا, ارزیابی ریسک
    Abbas Shahsavani, Anoushiravan Mohseni-Bandpei, Masoumeh Rahmatinia, Seyyed Ahmad Fallah*
    Introduction

    Due to the special conditions in operating rooms, infection control is important to maintain health. So, the aim of this study was to survey of air exchange rate/changes per hour (ACH) and health risk assessment of bioaerosols in the surgery center or hospital operating rooms.

    Materials and Methods

    The results of measuring of bioaerosols by pollution measurement companies were used, in 1401. In 1402, 10 operating rooms were randomly selected and the reliability of the results was examined for these two years. Sampling and analysis of the samples was provided based on the NIOSH 0800 method and ACH were measured by a anemometer. The relationship between the number of bioaerosols and ACH, and also, the reliability between results were calculated with the PCC and the ICC test, respectively, in SPSS-V22 software. The health risk assessment and the probability of risk were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation, in Crystal Ball software.

    Results

    Among 62 operating rooms, the average number of bacterial and fungal colonies was 69.73±14.59 CFU/m3 and 21.67±4.52 CFU/m3, respectively, which is less than the recommended limit of WHO. The average ACH was 19.67±2.18 per hour. No significant relationship was observed between ACH and the number of colonies (p-value ≥ 0.05). Risk assessment for bacteria and fungi were at an acceptable level and the concentration of bioaerosols was recognized as the most sensitive variable influencing the risk.

    Conclusion

    Increasing ACH will not lead to a reduction in the load of bioaerosol pollution in operating rooms, which can be very important in the management of reducing energy consumption.

    Keywords: Bioaerosols, Bacteria, Fungus, Air Exchange Rates, Risk Assessment
  • سمانه سالاری، آذر سلطانی، مائده ندیم قاضیانی، علی کریمی*
    مقدمه

    ایمنی حریق در مراکز بهداشتی  و  درمانی به دلیل محدودیت توان حرکتی ساکنین و ضرورت عدم اختلال در عملکرد آن از اهمیت فوق العاده ای برخوردار است. بنابراین، اقدامات احتیاطی ضعیف در برابر حریق منجر به تلفات جانی و خسارات مالی بیشتر می شود. در این مطالعه، ضمن اینکه ریسک حریق یک بیمارستان آموزشی و درمانی شهرستان بیرجند به روش جامع و کامل ارزیابی ریسک حریق برای مهندسین 1 (FRAME) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است؛ پارامترهای موثر بر ایمنی حریق بیمارستان مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت و راهکارهای کنترلی نیز ارائه شده است. 

    روش کار

    در ابتدا در کلیه بخش های بیمارستان چک لیست ارزیابی ریسک حریق تکمیل گردید سپس مقادیر پارامترهای موثر بر ایمنی حریق بدست آمد در مرحله ی بعد، ریسک حریق برای اموال، ساکنین و فعالیت ها با استفاده از نرم افزار تحت اکسل تخمین زده شد. در نهایت، بر اساس مقادیر عوامل موثر بر ایمنی حریق، راهکارهای کنترلی ارائه گردید.  

    یافته ها

    نتایج بدست آمده از ارزیابی ریسک نشان داد ریسک 22 درصد بخش های بیمارستان مورد مطالعه برای ساختمان و اموال نامطلوب بوده از طرفی سطح ریسک 90 درصد بخش های بیمارستان برای ساکنین نامطلوب بدست آمد. نتایج ریسک اولیه ساختمان نشان داد در اکثر بخش های بیمارستان می توان با استفاده از سیستم های اطفاء حریق و کاشف های خودکار تعادل بین ریسک بالقوه حریق و پذیرش ریسک برقرار نمود. مطابق با نتایج بدست آمده بخش تاسیسات ساختمان نیاز به سیستم های اطفاء حریق از جمله اسپرینکلرها می باشد. همچنین در هنگام وقوع حریق در بخش های مختلف، نرخ انتشار حرارت (HRR) بین 125-250 کیلووات بر متر مربع تخمین زده شد.  

    نتیجه گیری

    به طور کلی نیاز به اقدامات کنترلی حریق به خصوص تدابیر ایمنی حریق برای افراد می باشد. نتایج این مطالعه می تواند برای خوانندگان و متخصصین در تفسیر ارزیابی ریسک حریق و ارائه ی دقیق راهکارهای کنترلی بر اساس ارزیابی ریسک و مقادیر پارامترهای بدست آمده از آن مفید واقع شود.

    کلید واژگان: حریق, بیمارستان, کنترل حریق, ارزیابی ریسک, راهکار کنترلی, FRAME
    Samaneh Salari, Azar Soltani, Maedeh Nadim Qaziany, Ali Karimi*
    Introduction

    Fire safety in healthcare centers is crucial due to the limited evacuation capacity of the occupants and the necessity of not disrupting the operation in these centers. In this study, the fire risk of a public hospital was evaluated using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineering (FRAME). Additionally, the factors affecting fire safety in the hospital were analyzed quantitavely, and fire control strategies were presented. 

    Material and Methods

    First, the fire risk assessment checklist was filled in all the hospital departments. Then, the values of the factors affecting fire safety were obtained. In the next step, the fire risk for the building, occupants and activities were estimated using Excel software-FRAME. Finally, control strategies and intervention measures were presented based on the value of these factors. 

    Results

    In the hospital under study, 22% of the departments posed an undesirable fire risk to the building and its property. On the other hand, 90% of the departments had risk levels that were undesirable for the occupants. The results of the initial risk (R0) showed that a balance between potential fire risk and risk acceptance can be established by implementing manual fire extinguishing systems and automatic detectors in all departments. 

    Conclusion

    ased on the condition of the hospital studied, a balance between potential fire risk level and risk acceptance level was not established. Therefore, there is a need for fire control measures, especially fire safety measures for the occupants. The results of this study can be useful for readers and experts in interpreting fire risk assessments and presenting detailed control measures based on the risk assessment and the value of the parameters.

    Keywords: Fire Risk, Hospital, Fire Control, Risk Assessment, Control Solutions, FRAME
  • Zeinab Parmoozeh, Gholamreza Reza Mostafaii, Davarkhah Rabbani, Hossein Akbari, Atieh Salem, Mohammadbagher Miranzadeh*
    Background

    The growing use of treated wastewater in farming has raised concerns about the potential impacts on public health.

    Methods

    This study assessed the levels of the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in plants watered in greenhouse settings using both well water and synthetic wastewater. Synthetic wastewater with As at concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/L, Pb at 1, 3, and 5 mg/L, and Cd at 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 mg/L, as well as well water were used to irrigate radish, coriander, and grass. In the end, 144 vegetable samples were gathered, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to determine the heavy metal concentrations in the samples. Risk assessment for consumers was determined based on the measured levels of heavy metals in the vegetables.

    Results

    Even though the concentrations of heavy metals in the wastewater were within the limits for irrigation, the risk assessment showed that consumption of vegetables irrigated with treatment wastewater could pose risks to individuals’ health. The maximum concentration of Pb in radish leaves was observed at the Pb concentration of 5 mg/L, and the maximum concentration of As in cress irrigated with As effluent at the As concentration of 0.02 mg/L.

    Conclusion

    The consumption of vegetables containing Pb can pose a significant non-carcinogenic risk to consumers. However, well water may also be dangerous in the long run. Therefore, it is important to ensure about food safety when using treated wastewater for irrigation.

    Keywords: Arsenic, Lead, Vegetables, Wastewater, Risk Assessment
  • Abouzar Eynipour, Navid Arjmand, Iman Dianat, Alireza Soltanian, Rashid Heidarimoghadam *
    Background

    Various tools and methods are available to assess the risk of musculoskeletal injuries in occupational settings, each considering different assessment criteria. While these methods have been previously studied, further comparative investigations are still needed.

    Objectives

    This study aimed to assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in workers performing various tasks using different ergonomic and biomechanical risk assessment tools and to compare the outcomes of these tools.

    Methods

    This analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted in a sector of the SAIPA Automobile Part Manufacturing Factory in Iran. A total of 33 workers engaged in lifting, grinding, pushing, and lowering activities participated. Lifting activities involved handling parts weighing 36, 7.9, and 3.4 kg at three workstations. In total, six tasks were examined, and workers' discomfort levels were evaluated using the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires (CMDQ). Fourteen biomechanical and ergonomic risk assessment tools were utilized and compared. Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa agreement coefficient were applied to determine relationships between different tools and to match the measurement of risk levels, respectively. Additionally, the mean and standard deviation of the data were calculated.

    Results

    There was a high positive correlation between the outcomes of three biomechanical tools [3D static strength prediction program TM (3DSSPP), hand-calculation back compressive force (HCBCF), and JACK], with 3DSSPP and HCBCF being interchangeable for estimating lumbar spine loads. Ergonomic assessment tools showed a suitable correlation in assessing load-carrying tasks. Manual handling assessment charts (MAC) had perfect agreement with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and SNOOK with Washington Industrial Safety and Health Act (WISHA). Among body posture evaluation methods, rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA) had the highest correlation. Lifting fatigue failure tool (LiFFT) correlated well with manual handling methods, and survival chance correlated better with body posture evaluation methods. Lowering activities were identified as the most hazardous.

    Conclusions

    Ease of use and accuracy are key considerations when selecting biomechanical risk assessment tools. Experienced assessors can effectively utilize JACK, 3DSSPP, and HCBCF. The MAC and NIOSH, as well as RULA and REBA tools, are interchangeable. Selecting appropriate tools requires consideration of their limitations and advantages.

    Keywords: Risk Assessment, Biomechanical Tools, Ergonomic Methods, Musculoskeletal Disorders (Msds)
  • KARTHIKAYAN RAVI *, VISHNU PRASAD, Indra Priyadharshini, Mahesh Jagadeson
    Background
    Dental caries is a serious public health problem significantly affecting oral health. Though there have been many advancements in treating dental caries, complete prevention of dental caries is still beyond reach. Several risk factors are associated with caries formation and progression. Previous studies have been conducted on dental caries and the efficiency of diagnosis using subjective and objective methodologies. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the contradictions in results of subjective and objective interpretations.
    Methods
    A descriptive study was carried out in the clinical setting of rural areas near Chengalpattu. Using convenience sampling, 285 samples were collected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria within the age range of 7–20 years. The subjects were selected from the Outpatient Department of Karpaga Vinayaka Institute of Dental Sciences. . American Dental Association (ADA) questionnaires were used for subjective caries risk assessment, unstimulated salivary samples were collected to measure salivary pH for objective caries risk assessment, and DMFT and def indices were measured for reference. After data collection, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Chi-square and Pearson correlation tests were performed to find the statistical differences, and a correlation was found between subjective and objective assessment results.
    Results
    In this study, the correlation between objective risk assessment based on salivary pH and actual caries status was slightly better (r = 0.159) than other risk assessment methods (r = 0.050). Moreover, a negative correlation was found between subjective and objective caries risk assessment (r = - 0.062).
    Conclusion
    The study findings show a negative correlation between subjective and objective assessment. Objective caries risk assessment using salivary pH was positively correlated with actual caries status.
    Keywords: Dental Caries, Risk Assessment, Subjective, Objective, Correlation
  • Mahdi Khaksar, Vali Alipour*, Omid Rahmanian, Naeme Soltani
    Background

    Nitrate (NO3) is a necessary element for plant growth, but its excessive use in agricultural products causes different health problems. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between NO3 concentrations in vegetables and the prevalence of gastrointestinal cancers in Minab city, Iran.

    Methods

    This case-control study was conducted on 60 people with cancer as the case group and 120 healthy people as the control group in Minab city. Data were collected through a questionnaire and measuring NO3 concentration levels in vegetables. All samples were examined for NO3 by reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method.

    Results

    The concentration levels of NO3 in all vegetables ranged from 15.08 (onion) to 1143.55 mg/kg (spinach). There was no significant difference between the concentrations of NO3 in all vegetables among the different regions. The most common cancer in the case group was stomach cancer (61.7%). There was a significant difference between the amount of daily intake of NO3, through different vegetables, and the prevalence of gastrointestinal cancer between the case and control groups (P < 0.05). The results showed that increasing the consumption of vegetables increases the chance of getting gastrointestinal cancer (OR: 5.72; P < 0.001).

    Conclusion

    According to the results, there is a significant relationship between the NO3 concentration in vegetables and the prevalence of gastrointestinal cancers in the studied areas. It is highly recommended to closely monitor the cultivation, fertilization, and spray process of agricultural products, and frequent monitoring of NO3 levels in fruits and vegetables.

    Keywords: Nitrates, Risk Assessment, Vegetables, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Risk Cancer
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درخواست پشتیبانی - گزارش اشکال