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Spirituality can affect the patients’ perception of health, disease, and interaction with other individuals. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is more stressful in women due to their maternal role and reproductivity; therefore, coping with the disease is more difficult for women than for men.

This qualitative study tried to investigate experiences, as well as spiritual perception and its role, in the lives of women positive for HIV using conventional content analysis. Therefore, the present study was carried out on 15 women positive for HIV referring to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews.

In the analysis of the interviews, after being infected, two spirituality groups were categorized into three subgroups, including 1) compliance with the disease, 2) belief in divine destiny, and 3) responsible behaviors to obtain God's satisfaction. The spirituality group and disease charges group were extracted divided into two subgroups of 1) divine punishment and 2) feeling of guilt.

Regarding the role of spirituality in coping with and enduring HIV among patients, it is recommended to perform interventions on women with HIV based on spirituality and religious beliefs, as well as decrease of the disease charges in societies. It is also suggested that caregivers in risky behaviors counseling centers should be trained in the domains of spirituality and spiritual well-being. Moreover, the caregivers can use the religious beliefs of the infected patients to help them with the disease disclosure and adaptation, use of drugs, and reduction of risky behaviors, as well as the harm to the community.

Blood supply chain design plays an important role in health care systems Even though there are technological developments in the field of substitutes for blood products,the need for donor blood and its derived products will always exist .Locating blood facilities in the appropriate location with considering utility from blood donors' viewpoint is important in supply management of blood products. In this paper,a dynamic location problem in blood supply network including blood donors,blood facilities (temporary and permanent blood donation stations) and blood center with considering social aspects like blood donors' utility is proposed. Mobile blood donation facilities (temporary facilities) location is considered in the proposed model for better management the blood donation process. Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is applied to formulate the mentioned problem. In order to formulate blood donors' utility,model is developed by utility function considering distance between blood donors and blood facilities separately,blood donors' experience in blood facilities and advertising cost spend in blood facilities. Application of proposed models is evaluated by a case study in Tehran province in Iran. Also,the impact of various utility factors on blood supply in network and location decisions in proposed model is investigated by using sensitivity analysis. The obtained results show that,taking into account the utility of blood donors in the blood supply chain can increase blood volume and also satisfying more donors' desirability will be provided.

The death of a pregnant mother is one of the important indications of evaluating the social and economic improvement of a society and indicates how functional its healthcare system is. Many of the reasons that cause the mother’s death, can be avoided. This study aims to determine the reasons of pregnant mothers’ death.
This is a descriptive-analytical study. It retrospectively studies 165 case files reporting the death of pregnant mothers between 2008 and 2013 in Tehran province, using a researcher-made checklist to collect the data needed.
Findings: According to the findings the reasons documented by the physicians were these: 82 cases (49.6%) unknown, 14 cases (8.5%) respiratory disorders, and 11 cases (6.6%) hypertensive disorder due to pregnancy. According to autopsy reports cardiovascular disorders, 34 cases (20.6%), was the most frequent death reason and respiratory disorders, 24 cases (14.54%), is second in line and gynecologic disorders that includes postpartum hemorrhage and infection is the third in line with the record of 22 cases (13.3%).
Cardiovascular disorders and respiratory disorders are the two important reasons for pregnant mothers’ death. This marks the importance of the need to prevent these problems, more than ever. During the pre-pregnancy care of mothers who have planned for pregnancy, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders should be checked thoroughly and precisely. Other risk factors such as overweight, non-healthy diet and inadequate physical activities should be identified and the necessary interventions should be done.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common disorder in women of reproductive ages. Regarding the unknown etiology of this syndrome، several treatments are recommended; one of them is use of medicinal herbs. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Ginger on severity of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. In this double-blind clinical trial study، 70 students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences، Iran، which suffered from premenstrual syndrome were randomly assigned to Ginger and placebo groups in 2013. Participants received two capsules daily from seven days before menstruation to three days after it for three cycles and they recorded severity of their symptoms. Demographic information form and daily record of symptoms questionnaire were data collection tools. Data of before interventions and 1، 2 and 3 months after it were analyzed using repeated-measurement analysis of variances and indepented t tests via SPSS18 software. P < 0. 05 was considered significant. Before intervention، there were no significant difference (P = 0. 710) between the mean scores of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the two groups (110. 20 ± 30/77 in Ginger and 106. 70 ± 44. 65 in placebo groups). But at 1، 2 and 3 months after intervention، there were significant differences (P < 0. 001(between the mean scores of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in the two groups (105. 70 ± 45. 76، 107. 20 ± 50. 68 and 106. 00 ± 48. 74 in placebo، and 51. 18 ± 32. 76، 49. 48 ± 33. 12، and 47. 06 ± 33. 41 in Ginger groups، respectively). Based on results of this study، Ginger may be effective in reduction of severity of psychological، physical and behavioral symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. However، therapeutic use of these drugs needs further studies.