a. ebrahimzadeh

Water pollution can have many adverse effects on the environment and human health. The study of the transmission of water pollutants over a finite lifespan is carried out using an optimal control problem (OCP), with the system governed by ordinary differential equations. By utilizing the collocation approach, the OCP is transmuted to a nonlinear programming problem, and then the mountain Gazelle algorithm is applied to determine the optimal control and state solutions. A practical study demonstrates the effect of treatment on reducing water pollutants during a finite time.

5G communication technology supports the Internet of Things, remote health care centers, and cloud computing by tuning their communication services over a very wide range of frequency bands with low-cost, low-battery consumption, and low latency. However, the development of such wireless technology is highly dependent on radio frequency spectra. The Cognitive Radio Sensor Network (CRSN) is an excellent candidate to improve radio spectrum utilization and manage the heavy communication data traffic in 5G wireless networks. CRSN can sense the frequency channels, making it possible for secondary users (who are denied service) to use the free channels. Despite the outstanding features of CRSNs, some limitations overshadow their performance. The most critical limitation is energy and its optimal consumption to increase the network's lifetime. Recent research has shown that energy harvesting can be an effective way to increase the lifetime of CRSNs. However, the sensors should sense the frequency spectrum with a high success rate. In this paper, several optimal sensor nodes using energy harvesting with the approach of increasing the network's lifetime are proposed to solve the mentioned challenge. This way, the sensor nodes are divided into two independent groups for simultaneous spectrum sensing and energy harvesting in each time frame. We will solve this problem based on mathematical optimization and the use of proposed solutions for convex problems. Finally, simulations are developed to evaluate the ability of the proposed solution, assuming the systems use IEEE802.15.4/Zigbee and IEEE802.11af.

Specialization and turning away from macro systematizations in philosophy can be commonly seen as relatively common practices of analytic philosophers. However, the contemporary philosopher Nicholas Rescher, as one of the exceptions to this tradition, is not only alien to this pattern but even considers it a methodological flaw. This article deals with the philosophical foundations of this point of view, the philosophical methodology derived from it, and its strategic methods by researching Rescher's works. Relying on his epistemological foundations (especially coherentism), Rescher believes that we should solve philosophical problems with a holistic approach and by considering the entire field of philosophy. Although Rescher's type of systemization is safe from some criticisms due to not neglecting the details of the system components, it still needs to be corrected or completed from a methodological perspective. One of the most important gaps in this point of view is the lack of a regulated model in managing the balance between comprehensiveness and specialization, as well as in determining the boundaries of maximality of the system.

The retrofitting plan is effective when, in addition to being cost-effective, it minimizes casualties, reduces infrastructure damage, and limits the extent and scope of damages as much as possible. The design and construction of most explosion-resistant barriers in all types of structures are not optimal due to the high cost on the one hand and the low probability of explosion during the life of the structure on the other hand. In this research, the proposal of using the combined method of restraining net along with the blast wave absorber panel as a new model in protecting the building against external explosions has been studied. The rocket is restrained at a certain distance from the main structure by a resistant net and the panel absorbs the wave caused by the explosion. By conducting studies and experiments on various absorbent materials, the selected panel was introduced and its behavior against threats at different distances was evaluated numerically and in the field. The results of the simulations were in good agreement with the field tests, which can be generalized for different amounts of charge.

This essay considers an optimal control problem (OCP) governed by a system of Fredholm integral equations (FIE). In this paper, collocation approach with utilizing Lagrange polynomials is introduced to transform the OCP into a nonlinear programming problem (NLP). An efficient op-timization method in Mathematica software is utilized to solve NLP. The convergence analysis is discussed, which show the theoretical structure behind the propounded technique under some assumptions. In this es-say, computational outcomes are given to demonstrate the adaptability, forthrightness, and relationship of the calculations manufactured. A prac-tical real-world problem involving hanging chain in classical mechanic is also dissolved utilizing the approach proposed.

In this article, the eigenvalues of the sound equation are used to determine the refractive index. This refractive index helps to extract the acoustic components of the material such as the speed of sound in the material. This will help in identifying targets, especially in the field of signal processing. For this purpose, a method has been extracted that can be used to establish a relation between the eigenvalues and refractive index, which is the main goal of this article. In order to find this relation, it is necessary to obtain appropriate basis vectors for the space of problem, so that the eigenvectors can be expanded in terms of these bases. Therefore, in this article, the eigenvectors of the fourth-order elliptic operator are used as independent bases for the Sobolov space, with the help of which the nonlinear eigenvalue problem becomes a matrix relation that can be easily implemented. Finally, the proposed method is applied to several objects with different refractive indices and the results are compared with the dual space method, which shows that the proposed method has less error in reconstructing the refractive index. As the refractive index value increases, the error is also reduced.

One of the most advanced non-invasive medical imaging methods is MRI that can make a good contrast between soft tissues. The main problem with this method is the time limitation in data acquisition, particularly in dynamic imaging. Radial sampling is an alternative for faster data acquisition and has several advantages compared to Cartesian sampling. Among them, robustness to motion artifacts makes this acquisition useful in cardiac imaging. Recently, CS has been used to accelerate data acquisition in dynamic MRI. Cartesian acquisition uses irregular undersampling patterns to create incoherent artifacts to meet the Incoherent sampling requirement of CS. Radial acquisition, due to its incoherent artifact, even in regular sampling, has an inherent fitness to CS reconstruction. In this study, we reconstruct the (3D) stack of stars data in cardiac imaging using the combination of the TV penalty function and the GRASP algorithm. We reduced the number of spokes from 21 to 13 and then reduced to 8 to observe the performance of the algorithm at a high acceleration factor. We compared the output images of the proposed algorithm with both GRASP and NUFFT algorithms. In all three modes (21, 13, and 8 spokes), average image similarity was increased by at least by 0.4, 0.1 compared to NUFFT, GRASP respectively. Moreover, streaking artifacts were significantly reduced. According to the results, the proposed method can be used on a clinical study for fast dynamic MRI, such as cardiac imaging with the high image quality from low- rate sampling.

Total cross section (TCS) of rain drops with realistic shape model (Modified Pruppacher Pitter or MPP model) is calculated by Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method implemented in three dimensions. FDTD Results are validated by the volume integral equation (VIE) method through simulation of rain drop model in commercial software CST Microwave Design Studio. The accuracy of oblate spheroidal model as a simpler model for rain drops is also compared with MPP model results. Simulation are performed at the frequency of 30 GHz, in both vertical and horizontal polarizations of incident wave. TCS results are then used for the calculation of rain specific attenuation with Marshal-Palmer (M-P) rain drop size distribution (DSD). The specific attenuation of spheroidal and MPP rain drops models are calculated and compared for different rain rates in vertical and horizontal polarizations of incident wave. These results can be applied for applications with wave propagation in rainy mediums.

Controlling the postharvest losses and the utilization of safe methods versus chemical compounds is a remarkable priority in the production of horticultural produce. Using techniques to preserve agricultural produce quality dates back to many decades ago (Paliath et al., 2009). This is essential to keep the visual characteristic and quality of products. In some ways, the procedures employed improve the quality and organoleptic properties of the crops. This is end goes to the reduced production charges and the higher incomes (Duan et al., 2007). Postharvest scientists are attempting to employ the materials to cover the fruits and to keep the harvest time quality or even to improve the quality and visual attributes. During the recent years, the application of edible coatings such as chitosan has been increased to reduce the postharvest loses, lowering the respiration rate, shelf life improvement, firmness keeping and for the control of microbial growth rates in fruit crops. Chitosan is an aliphatic organic polymer with a characterized antifungal (Allan and Hadwiger, 1979) property. Furthermore, chitosan coating lowers the respiration rate, prevents microbial growth and delays the fruit ripening by the control of CO2, O2 and ethylene exchange balance (EL Ghaouth et al., 1991). Moreover, low temperature storage intensifies the chitosan keeping qualities on stored fruits. Cornelian cherry fruits contain high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), organic acids, phenolics,taninns and some other bioactive compounds. Hence, the fruits have considerable nutritional and medicinal benefits effects (Moldovans et al., 2016). Furthermore, the fruits have precious antimicrobial properties (Asadov, 1990). In the present study, we tried to evaluate the effects of different chitosan concentration to keep the antioxidant potential of cornelian cherry and of the quality attributes during postharvest period.

Cornus mass L. fruits were harvested from an orchard from northwest of Iran (Hourand country). In advance, the fruits were homogenized for the size, color and shape and were transferred to the Lab. The fruits were treated with 0.5,1 and 1.5 % chitosan solution and distilled water as control for 1 minute. The fruits let too dry at ambient temperature and were stored at 4±1°C for 21 days. TSS, TA and pH were evaluated in fruit juice soon after. Samples were taken during the first, 7, 14 and 21th days after treatment. The fruits were kept at cold storage and immediately the common measurements like pH, TSS and TA were conducted. Then after the fruits were freezed in liquid nitrogen and kept in - 40 °C for further studies. Total phenolics, Flavonoids and anthocyanin were measured by folin- ciocaltea (Gallic acid as standard), flavonoids based on catechin and total anthocyanin by the absorbance difference in divers pH ratios, respectively. DPPH method was employed for the antioxidant potential of fruits. Besides CAT, GPX, PPO and PAL enzymes were quantified as well. The data were analyzed by SAS (ver.9.2) software as CRD with three replications. Excel 2013 was employed for the tables figuration and the means were compared by the Duncan's multiple range test.

ANOVA results revealed that interaction of storage time × chitosan concentration meaningfully (P <0.01) influenced pH. TA and TSS of fruits. The top pH was acquired by 0.5% chitosan at the third week. Chitosan modifies fruit surface atmosphere and hence by the variations in CO2 and O2 alters the TA and pH values. Maturity stage influences TSS values and with ripening progress, TSS was increased (Gunduz et al., 2012). In a similar experiment, with chitosan concentration adding up, TSS increase was slowed down seemingly due to the hydrolytic changes in the starch content and water loss during the storage period (Kays, 1997).  Interaction of time and chitosan concentration was statistically influenced (P <0.01) total phenolics, flavonoids and total anthocyanin content. Total phenolics had the highest amount with 1.5% chitosan seemingly due to CO2 barrier induced by chitosan which reduces the phenolics oxidation. Moreover, chitosan coating activates PAL enzyme in phenolics biosynthesis (Romanazzi et al., 2017). Total flavonoids were increased by storage time, and by 1% of chitosan treatment. Flavonoids are crucial antioxidants and besides phenolics were increased in the fruits during the storage time and with SA treatment (Dokhanieh et al., 2013). Total anthocyanins followed the same pattern as well. Antioxidant potential of fruits was also impacted by storage time and chitosan as well (P <0.05). Antioxidant potential is directly related to phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins content of fruits and vegetables. So that, the increased total amounts of the mentioned metabolites resulted in improved DPPH activity. There is evidence that other coatings such CaCl2 and SA improved the metabolites and antioxidant potential (Dokhanieh et al., 2013; Soleimani-Aghdam et al., 2013).  CAT, PPO, GPX and PAL were influenced by the time× chitosan interaction as well. CAT activity was declined during the storage period. But, there was no significant difference between 0, 1 and 1.5% chitosan treatments. Chitosan application improves the selective permeability of membrane for CO2 and O2 exchange and hence reduce the phenolics oxidation. These all reduce the PPO activation and function (Duan et al., 2007). GPX activity was increased during the storage, So, that the highest GPX activity was belonged to the sampling at 21th days. PAL activity was responsive to the interaction of time × chitosan concentration and the enzyme activity was increased in time dependent pattern during the storage. The top data was recorded for the untreated fruits.

Cornelian cherry fruitsare rich in antioxidant compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid. During the storage period and like other horticultural products (fruits and vegetables), the nutritional and visual quality of cornelian cherry fruits reduces dramatically. Chitosan as an environment-friendly and non-chemical compound preserves the quality attributes of fruits. Over all, in the present experiment, chitosan treated fruits had more antioxidant potential and enzymatic activity than untreated ones. Moreover, chitosan improved the total quantities for phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins. DPPH antioxidant potential was improved by chitosan application. Furthermore, CAT, PPO and PAL were correspondingly responded to chitosan treatment in favor of fruits quality. In short, chitosan has a considerable potential to be considered as a good edible coating to improve the postharvest life and quality attributes of cornelian cherry fruits.

In this paper, we introduce a new kind of the logical entropy through a local relative approach. The notions of local relative logical entropy and local relative conditional logical entropy from an observer’s viewpoint on local relative probability measure space are introduced and some of their ergodic properties are studied. Some properties of the local relative logical entropy of independent partitions are investigated and the concavity property for the local relative logical entropy has been proved. We show that, the basic properties of Shannon entropy of partitions on probability measure spaces, are established for the case of the local relative logical entropy. So the suggested measures can be used besides of the Shannon entropy of partitions. Using the concept of the local relative logical entropy of partitions, we define the local relative logical entropy of a dynamical system and present some of its properties. Finally, it is shown that the local relative logical entropy of dynamical systems is invariant under isomorphism. So the notion of local relative logical entropy of dynamical systems can be a new tool for distinction of non-isomorphic relative dynamical systems

Flow Simulation and discontinuous shock capturing are important in shallow water equations. Common numerical schemes such as finite difference Preissmann scheme, without performing some modifications, cannot simulate discontinuities. Finite volume methods using Riemann solvers by taking advantage of the characteristics of solving the smooth areas as well, have the ability to simulate discontinuities. In this paper, the second order Roe model of Riemann solver was employed by applying the limiting functions to eliminate the spurious oscillations of the numerical simulation in the surface and subsurface flows (Saint-Venant equations in surface flow and Kostiakov-Lewis in subsurface flow). A Fortran code was developed for Roe-TVD method, the presented model was evaluated using the Preissmann scheme (an implicit finite difference scheme) and two sets of field data (Printz-323 and Walker) based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Standard Error (SE) and Determination Coefficient (R²). It was concluded that Roe model showed better results comparing to the Preissmann scheme in all of the simulations, particularly in outgoing runoff, RMES was improved up to 62%. The applied model was an explicit method and reduced running time and had the ability of application under different field conditions.

In this work the notions of the entropy and conditional entropy on quantum logic with infinite partitions by a new formula are introduced. Some ergodic properties concerning this measures are proved. The entropy and conditional entropy under the relations of srefinement and s-independent are studied.

In this paper we study the notions of relative information function and relative conditional information function on a relative probability measure space. We present some examples and prove some theorems about them. Also the concept of relative information function for a relative measure preserving transformation is introduced and some of its properties, are proved. Finally, it is proved that the relative information function of relative measure preserving transformations is invariant under isomorphism.