afsaneh ehdaei
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The presence of water resources, particularly rivers, significantly influences site selection. Throughout history, settling near rivers has brought numerous advantages, but it has also posed certain risks. This study focuses on the sub-basins southeast of the Caspian Sea. Initially, we explore the connection between the layout of ancient settlements and the drainage networks. Additionally, we analyze the relationship between flood risk and the settlement patterns of these ancient sites by estimating the flooding risk based on linear, areal, and relief aspects. This research marks the first time such an analysis has been conducted. The findings underscore the importance of proximity to rivers in site selection, with areas close to rivers with lower stream orders being the most favorable for settlements. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of sites near higher stream orders in relation to flooding risk. Conversely, there is an increase in the frequency and density of ancient sites near the first stream orders and at greater distances from the rivers, coinciding with an elevated flooding risk in the sub-basins. These results indicate that the inhabitants of the southeastern areas of the Caspian Sea sub-basins were cognizant of the flooding danger and factored it into their decision-making when selecting settlement sitesKeywords: Geoarchaeology, Settlement Pattern, hydro geomorphology, Flood, Southeastern of the Caspian Sea
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طی دوره های باستانی، شرایط جغرافیایی هر منطقه، از مهم ترین عوامل تاثیرگذار در تعیین الگوی استقرار سکونتگاه ها بوده و تغییرات محیطی، منجر به تغییر الگوهای استقراری نیز می گردیده است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تاثیر تغییرات دیرینه تراز دریای خزر و همچنین نقش عوامل ژیومورفیک در الگوی استقرار محوطه های باستانی شرق استان مازندران می باشد. در ابتدا، نقشه ارتفاع، شیب و ژیومورفولوژی محدوده مورد مطالعه تهیه گردید و موقعیت نقاط باستانی (از دوره پارینه سنگی تا دوره اسلامی) فراوانی و تراکم آنها در هر یک از طبقات ارتفاعی، شیب و لندفرم های ژیومورفولوژیکی، مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج ضمن تایید تاثیر پذیری الگوی استقرار از عوامل ژیومورفیک محدوده ی مورد مطالعه نشان داد که در دوره های متفاوت، تاثیر عوامل فوق مورد مطالعه، بر مکان گرینی استقرارگاه ها، متفاوت بوده است. هچنین مطالعه لندفرم ها و پراکندگی نقاط باستانی مشخص نمود که مخروط افکنه ها، متراکم ترین لندفرم محسوب می شوند و متراکم ترین بازه ارتفاعی در محدوده مورد مطالعه، بازه ارتفاعی 0 تا 15 متر بوده که این بازه ارتفاعی دقیقا منطبق بر قاعده مخروط افکنه های موجود در منطقه می باشد.در مرحله بعد، با مطالعه پژوهش های انجام شده بر روی تغییرات سطح اساس دریای خزر طی هزاره های گذشته، ایجاد بانک اطلاعات از داده ها و سپس تطبیق زمان این نوسان ها با دوره های باستانی، تاثیر تغییرات خط ساحلی بر مکان گزینی سکونتگاه-های باستانی حوضه جنوب شرق دریای خزر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نتایج نشان داد که در برخی از دوره های باستانی الگوی استقرار به شدت تحت تاثیر پیش روی ها و پس روی های دریای خزر می باشد.
کلید واژگان: زمین باستان شناسی, الگوی استقرار, ژئومورفولوژی, تغییر سطح اساس, جنوب شرق دریای خزرIntroductionHuman interaction with the natural environment has undergone many changes from the past millennia to the present. But geo archaeological studies tell us that although this interaction has changed, the basis of human behavior with the natural environment has been almost the same and based on one thing: Knowledge of the natural environment. Areas located in the southeast of the Caspian Sea, in terms of the relationship between natural and archaeological factors, are one of the most complex areas in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between geomorphic factors and Paleo sea-level changes in the Caspian Sea with the settlement pattern of ancient sites in the east of Mazandaran province.
MethodologyAt first, using Arc GIS software and the 30-meter DEM, elevation and slope maps was obtained and classified. Then, using satellite images, Google Earth software and topographic map of the area, geomorphological map was prepared and the location of ancient settlements in relation to the slope and elevation, as well as the distribution and density of ancient sites in various landforms were analyzed. After that, in order to investigate the effect of long-term changes in the CS level on the settlement pattern of ancient sites, first the researches in this field were collected and after creating a database of the Paleo sea-level changes in the CS, these changes were temporally accommodated to the ancient periods. Then, the coastline in each ancient period in relation to the location of ancient sites were analyzed.
Results and discussionWith the distance from the coastline, the density gradually increases and in the range of zero to 15 meters, the density reaches its maximum. Increasing altitude with decreasing temperature, flat lands and suitable soil for agriculture and pottery and increasing distance from the sea as a rich source of food, has led to a decrease in the density of ancient settlements. As the slope increases, the conditions for establishing a settlement become unfavorable and the density of archeological sites in the study area gradually decreases. Also, the slope is an important factor in determining the land use and sloping areas may be prone to erosion if cultivated. The density of ancient sites on alluvial fans is higher than other landforms. In addition, as mentioned earlier, the densest elevation range is from 0 to 15, which corresponds exactly to the distal part of alluvial fans in the study area.In the Paleolithic period, the CS experienced a regression (-50m), also experienced high stands up to 0m during the Khvalynian transgression (Mamedov, 1997), but the ancient settlements of this period were not very affected by these changes due to their nomadic lifestyle. The EpiPaleolithic period coincides with the last Khvalynian transgression and CS level reached its maximum (+50). After that, the CS entered the regression phase of Mangyshlak and the maximum regression of that (-92m) occurred at this time (Kroonenberg et al, 2011). It seems that during this period, ancient communities built their settlements near the coastline, in order to have maximum access to the food resources. In the Neolithic period, the accumulation of ancient sites is in the coastal areas. With the advent of agricultural activity, coastal areas became more and more important to ancient societies and the reason is the presence of fertile soil, low slope and access to sufficient water and soil for agricultural activity and pottery. The maximum shoreline recedes during the Chalcolithic period occurred at 7100 BP (-36.5m) (Kroonenberg et al, 2008). And the greatest transgression has occurred in 7000 years ago (-20m) (Raychagov, 1997). This short period of time could have prevented ancient societies from adapting to environmental changes and many settlements near the coastline have been destroyed. In Bronze age, the CS level has fluctuated from -35.5m (Kroonenberg et al, 2008) to -21m (Mamedov, 1997). Along with the shoreline recedes, the settlements also advance towards the sea, and with the re-advance of the coastline, the settlements have been buried under sediments and water. During the later periods, there is an increase in the number of ancient sites in the highlands compared to previous periods. It’s may be due to military security issues during these periods. Because mountainous areas, with more difficult access than coastal areas, have provided more security for its inhabitants.
ConclusionThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between geomorphic factors and Paleo sea-level changes in the CS with the settlement pattern of ancient sites in the east of Mazandaran province. The results show that as the slope and elevation increase, the conditions become unfavorable and the density of archeological sites in the study area decreases. in the range of zero to 15 meters, the density of archaeological sites reaches its maximum and this elevation corresponds to the distal part of alluvial fans where is the densest landform in the study area.One of the most important features of the study area is the intermittent changes in the CS level. After separating from the Black Sea in the Middle Pliocene, the CS has experienced several cycles of sea level fluctuation. In the Paleolithic period, ancient settlements were not very affected by these changes due to their nomadic lifestyle. But in the Epi Paleolithic period, it seems that ancient communities built their settlements near the coastline, in order to have maximum access to the food resources. In the Neolithic period, With the advent of agricultural activity, coastal areas became more important to ancient societies and the reason is the presence of fertile soil, low slope and access to sufficient water and soil for agricultural activity and pottery. During all periods, along with the shoreline recedes, the settlements also advance towards the sea, and then, with the re-advance of the coastline, the ancient settlements have been buried under sediments as well as the sea water. Moreover, in later periods, due to military security issues, the number of ancient sites in the highlands increased. Because mountainous areas, with more difficult access than lowland, have provided more security for its inhabitants.
Keywords: Geo archaeology, Settlement pattern, geomorphology, Sea level change, Southeast of Caspian Sea -
تغییرات اقلیمی از بارز ترین ویژگی های دوره کواترنر به شمار می رود. لندفرم های سطح زمین در این دوره دستخوش تحولات و تغییرات فراوانی شده است، با توجه به شرایط اقلیمی گرم و خشک در ایران مرکزی و وجود آثار و لندفرم های یخچالی که نشان دهنده شرایط اقلیمی سرد و مرطوبتر گذشته است ما را برآن داشت تا با هدف بررسی شرایط اقلیمی گذشته با شرایط اقلیمی حال حاضر در این منطقه بپردازیم. روش این پژوهش روش مشاهده ای و تحلیل مبتنی بر عملیات میدانی و سنجش از دور است، بنابراین داده هایی از جمله نقشه های توپوگرافی، مدل رقومی ارتفاع 30، 10 متر، تصاویر گوگل ارث، داده های GPS عملیات میدانی و داده های آماری اقلیم منطقه استفاده شده است.روابط ریاضی، مدل های تجربی و نرم افزارهای آماری و نقشه کشی از عمده ترین ابزارهای مفهومی این پژوهش را تشکیل می دهند. نتایج حاکی از آنست که خط برف مرز گذشته که به روش رایت محاسبه شده در ارتفاع 2491 متر قرار داشته و حداکثر پیشروی مورن ها در دامنه های غربی_شمال غربی تا ارتفاع 1980 متری و در دامنه جنوبی تا ارتفاع 2218 متری ثبت گردیده است..در شرایط اقلیمی حال حاضرخط هم دمای صفر درجه در ارتفاع 5440 متر و خط هم دمای 5 درجه یعنی (خط تعادل آب و یخ) در ارتفاع 4780 متری است و هردو بالاتر از قله قرار میگیرد، ارتفاع خط برفمرز دوره گذشته نیز براساس معادله دمایی در حد دمای 22 درجه امروز قرار دارد که نشان می دهد شرایط ایجاد فرآیندهای یخچالی و به تبع آن ایجاد لندفرم های یخچالی در منطقه شیرکوه یزد وجود ندارد.کلید واژگان: فرآیندهای یخچالی, برفمرز, سیرک, کواترنر, شیرکوه یزدIntroduction due to the phenomenon of global warming that we are facing today, studies of glacier areas, and sub glacier and its effects are of particular importance, because by examining the past climate, future theclimate change processes are better analyzed. One of the most important climatic heritage of the 4th era in Iran's highlands is glacier geomorphology and its glacier phenomenon. Climate change is one of the most characteristic features of the Quaternary period. Landforms have changed a lot during this period. Due to the warm and dry climatic conditions in central Iran and the presence of glacial landforms which shows the cold and wet climate in the past, we decided to study the current climatic conditions in the region with the aim of studying the past climate conditions. Location of study area Shirkouh Highlands are located in 40 kilometers south-southwest of Yazd. Shirkouh is the most important infiltration mass of Central Iran. The mid-Jurassic Batulite of Shirkuh consists of three major units: granodiorite, monzogranite and leukogranite. Shirkouh mountainous has created two different worlds of climate at a short distance in its environs. The location of Shirkouh elevations in the direction of northwest-southeast is like a long wall against the air masses and it is a temperature moderator in the region. Methodology In the present study, first, by identifying the glacial landforms (circuses, moraines), the boundaries and extent of the last glacial period in the Shirkouh Mountains were determined and then by discovering their local-spatial relationship with climatic (temperature and precipitation) and morphological (elevation and direction and gradient) parameters, the temperature drop in the time of glaciers existence and the amount of ELA have been determined. In the first step, by using Digital Elevation Models (SRTM 30 meters from the American Geological Survey) and 10 meters DEM of the organization of mapping of Iran and the Google Earth image, the position of the circuses has been determined and then, their accuracy has been verified by field surveys. In the next step, the correlations between the quantitative characteristics of the glacial landforms with morphological (elevation, slope, slope direction) and climatic parameters (temperature and precipitation of14 weather stations of the region from 1985 to 2008) have been determined. Then, the amount of drop in temperature required to form a glacier in the last glacial period in the mountainous area has been calculated by comparing the current and the past ELA. Discussion and results Detection of glacial phenomenon of the Shirkouh area: Based on the circus reflected in topographic maps and satellite imagery (Google Earth) and field surveys in the Shirkouh mountains, 62 circuses were identified. Due to the Wright method by passing 60% of the glacier circus location in the Shirkouh region, the Quaternary snow line is located at an altitude of 2491 m. This line represents the height of the zero-degree companion in the glacial period, by which we can reconstruct the past temperature conditions. Field observations in the Shirkouh region confirm the existence of glacial conditions such as circuses, glacier valleys and moraines. Based on the meteorological data and current climatic conditions, the current zero-degree temperature line is at 5438 m height, above the peak. According to the temperature equation, the past snow line is situated in the range of 22 centigrade degree of today’s temperature. Regarding the paleo climate of the region: the distribution of circuses is different in Shirkouh altitudes. the highest number of circuses have northeast, north, west and east direction and the smallest of them have southeast and southern slope direction, respectively. The lowest circuses are situated in the range of 1800 to 1900 meters and the highest of them are located in the altitude range of 3800 to 3900 meters. Conclusion With the studies of the prior researches, including the Hagedorn, the glacier processes at this region were identified at the height of 1925 to 2240 meters in the Quaternary and Moraines have also been seen at a height of 1600 meters. According to the fact that during the past decades we are facing with the global warming, due to the amount of annual snowfall and the lack of glaciers feeding, in contrary to the Quaternary period, today, we are no facing with the glacial processes in the Central parts of Iran. due to the phenomenon of global warming that we are facing today, studies of glacier areas, and sub glacier and its effects are of particular importance, because by examining the past climate, future theclimate change processes are better analyzed. One of the most important climatic heritage of the 4th era in Iran's highlands is glacier geomorphology and its glacier phenomenon.Keywords: Glacial Processes, Snow line, Circus, Quaternary, Shirkouh of Yazd
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بهترین راه درجهت پی بردن به ویژگی های طبیعی سکونتگاه های باستانی در زمان برپایی آنها، بررسی های زمین باستان شناسی است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی نقش عوامل محیطی در مکان گزینی سکونتگاه های پیش از تاریخ دشت ورامین بوده است. پس از مطالعه ی شرایط محیطی دشت ورامین، هشت مولفه ی محیطی از جمله فاصله از آبراهه، ویژگی های زمین شناختی، آب وهوا، شیب، خاک، پوشش گیاهی، کاربری راضی و ارتفاع منطقه مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند و منطق فازی به عنوان روش مورد مطالعه در جهت دستیابی به نقشه ی پهنه بندی قابلیت های محیطی منطقه مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. سپس مشخص شد، قسمت های میانی مخروط افکنه ی جاجرود، دارای بهترین شرایط محیطی در جهت ایجاد سکونتگاه هستند. این مناطق، بر روی رسوبات آبرفتی دشت قرار گرفته اند که از نظر زمین-شناسی، شرایط مناسب را برای ایجاد سکونتگاه فراهم کرده است. وجود خاک مناسب برای کشاورزی و سفال سازی (خصوصا وجود رسوبات ریزدانه برای سفال سازی)، شیب بسیار ملایم، دسترسی مطلوب به آبراهه ها، داشتن فاصله ی مناسب از راس مخروط افکنه و تا حدی مصون بودن از خطر سیلاب و داشتن آب وهوای مناسب تر نسبت به قسمت های جنوبی مخروط افکنه، از جمله عواملی است که باعث ایجاد شرایط محیطی مناسب در این مناطق شده است و قرار گیری غالب سکونتگاه ها در این منطقه و استمرار سکونت آنها، خود این امرا را تایید میکند.
کلید واژگان: زمین باستان شناسی, عوامل محیطی, سکونتگاه های پیش از تاریخ, دشت ورامین, منطق فازیgeoarchaeological surveys are the efficient way to discover the environmental features of ancient settlements at the time of their establishment.. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of environmental factors in the site selecting of the prehistoric settlements in Varamin plain. In the archaeological view, the plains located in the southern foothills of central Alborz Mountains represent the Tehran plain and Varamin plain is laid in south east of Tehran plain, on the alluvial sediments of Jajroud River. After studying the environmental features of Varamin plain, eight characteristics of the natural environment, including the impact of geomorphologic features, geology, climate, vegetation, slope, land use and access to soil and water resources have been investigated and fuzzy logic was used in order to provide an environmental capabilities plain zoning map to establish settlements in Varamin plain. Results showed that the predominant Varamin plain’s prehistoric settlements are sited in areas with the good and very good environmental capability for establishing settlements and the most of these places are located on the central parts of Jajroor fan. Being located on alluvial deposits, suitable soil for farming and pottery, gentle slope, convenient access to streams, sufficient distance from the apex of the alluvial fan and being safe from flood risk And having better weather than the southern part of the alluvial fan are such factors That create suitable environmental conditions in these areas.Keywords: geoarchaeology, environmental factors, prehistoric settlements, Varamin plain, Fuzzy logic
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