asadollah maleki

Investigating risk-taking behaviors from the perspective of their consequences for adolescents’ psychological development, life, health, social growth, and academic success holds a special place. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of personality traits and risk-taking behaviors mediated by emotion regulation.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of research method using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study was all male, high school students in Urmia city in the academic year 2022-2023 (N = 11500), of whom 372 were selected using the Cochran (2010) method based on the number of observed variables (20) and allocation of a coefficient of 20 for each variable using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect the data, the Cloninger and colleagues (1994) Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Garnefski et al. (2001) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Zadeh Mohammadi et al. (1397) Risk-Taking Behaviors Questionnaire were used.

The results showed that novelty-seeking and reward dependence have a direct positive and significant impact on negative emotion regulation and risk-taking behaviors. Novelty-seeking has a direct negative and significant impact on positive emotion regulation. Harm avoidance and persistence have a direct positive and significant impact on positive emotion regulation and a direct negative and significant impact on negative emotion regulation. Harm avoidance has a direct negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Positive emotion regulation has a direct negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Negative emotion regulation has a direct positive and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors. Novelty-seeking and reward dependence have an indirect positive and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors through positive and negative emotion regulation. Harm avoidance and persistence have an indirect negative and significant impact on risk-taking behaviors through positive and negative emotion regulation.

Therefore, it can be concluded that to reduce the tendency towards risk-taking behaviors in adolescents, the role of personality traits and emotion regulation strategies should be considered

Achieving national unity in communities like Iran which consists of various small ethnic cultures and religions and according to Nelsson Mandela's interpretation (of multicolored nations are a rainbow) mostly depends on consolidation of national identity elements.
This study tries to evaluate the historical process of states' point of view over the elements of national identity in consolidating the unity and correlation of ethnics. The research method and approach of this study is historical sociology. In this research, the previous aspects which are the most important and were gathered from various library references and documents are studied by means of historical sociology approach.
In this research, in addition to defining the concepts of ethnicity, identity, elements of national identity and Islamic-Iranian identity factors, we try to answer the following questions: 1. How was the behavior of states with the elements of Islamic-Iranian identity through the history? 2. What were the consequences of states' point of view over the Islamic-Iranian identity? 3. Which approaches to Islamic-Iranian identity will cause national unity and correlation?
The research findings demonstrate that in a society of variety and diversity like Iran, an effective identity is the one whose national characteristic includes all ethnic, religious and cultural identities of territory and the national identity will be appeared only by the state's endeavor in providing fair conditions, respectful relations and recognition of cultural, identical layers and sociopolitical rights of various ethnics. Moreover, the findings indicate that whenever the rulers of Iran emphasize on gathering and consolidation of all elements of national Iranian identity which include a kind of unity with multiplicity and multiplicity with unity, the diversity of ethnics in the community has been respected, the unity and national correlation has been more sound.
The findings also show that whenever Iranian governments would not pay attention to symmetry of various layers of Iranian community identity and not applying this fact or a part of it in implementing the politics and plans, the national Iranian correlation was affected adversely. In conclusion, the rulers' approach type and point of view and policies of identity engineering of Iranian governments thorough the history have been tremendously effective in national unity and correlation.