b. zhang

This study aims to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer (BC) patients with different genotypes who underwent radiotherapy. The goal is to explore the relationship between these characteristics and the risk of recurrence, providing valuable insights for clinical adjuvant therapy.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on pathological data of 256 BC patients who underwent surgical resection and radiotherapy. Data included age structure, tumor diameter and grading, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) indicators, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and the cell proliferation antigen marker (Ki-67). Multifactorial analysis was employed to assess correlations.

The distribution of BC patients in the low, medium-high, and high-risk groups was 70.9%, 23.2%, and 5.6%, respectively. Multifactorial analysis revealed that PR, Ki-67 expression, and histological grading were independent factors influencing the RS score, with corresponding P values less than 0.05. They were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with Ki-67 expression levels and tumor tissue grading, and negatively correlated with hormonal indicators. The short-term probability of survival for patients with the four staged BC in the low-risk group was 82.34%, 76.12%, 62.13%, and 60.23%, and 23.69%, respectively. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and those with Luminal B BC exhibited a higher risk of metastasis (P < 0.05).

The pathological characteristics of BC patients with different genotypes showed significant differences. TNBC patients and those with Luminal B BC should be particularly vigilant about their risk of recurrence and metastasis, and strengthen prognostic considerations.

Temporal flow characteristics of a 3D centrifugal impeller suction system were numerically studied in vacuum conditions. The blockage of the high-speed rotating impeller appeared, which greatly dropped the suction of the layer suction device. The temporal flow characteristics of the 3D centrifugal impeller suction system were worthy of attention in vacuum conditions. Separation vortices were generated near the blade suction surface. The blocking mechanism of the passage was further analyzed at different extremely low flow rates through the time-space evolution of the streamline. The Q-criteria was introduced to analyze the vortex evolution within the fluid domain of the impeller. Vortex evolution law was captured—the vortices always generated near the suction surface of the blade and moved to the pressure surface of the adjacent blade in the same passage and disappeared. The uniform distribution of three stall cells was captured through the diagram of turbulent kinetic energy. The flow rate increased, and the vortex evolution period gradually decreased. The comparison of pressure fluctuations in different conditions further demonstrated the flow mechanism at the vacuum flow rate was different from that at low flow rates. The sharp increase of pressure fluctuations near the blade pressure surface was consistent with the phenomenon near the suction surface. The pressure fluctuation at extremely low flow was mainly composed of scattered fluctuations caused by fluid separation. The steady and unsteady characteristics described the internal flow characteristics of this suction system at vacuum-flow rates. Theresults provide a profound design for vacuum cleaners.

To explore the accuracy of infrared thermal imaging and ultrasound in evaluating knee osteoarthritis (KOA) dysfunction.

From November 2021 to June 2022, 50 KOA patients diagnosed by our hospital were selected. According to the results of ultrasound examination, the subjects were separated into mild group (30 cases) as well as moderate to severe group (20 cases). Pain as well as dysfunction was assessed using the visual analog Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster osteoarthritis index (WOMAC). The forward-looking infrared (FLIR) thermal imager was used for infrared thermal imaging on the day of treatment as well as 1 month later.

The degree of cartilage wear detected by ultrasound was strongly correlated with the pain of knee osteoarthritis (r=0.674, P<0.05) and WOMAC osteoarthritis index (r=0.643, P <0.05). The knee temperature in the moderate to severe group was higher relative to the mild group (P<0.05, figure 2). The reliability and repeatability of the two infrared thermal imaging tests in knee were good (ICC=0.78). The knee temperature was positively correlated with the degree of cartilage wear under ultrasound (r=0.426, P<0.05, table 2). The knee temperature was positively related to pain (r=0.403, P<0.05) and WOMAC osteoarthritis index (r=0.382, P<0.05).

Combined application of infrared thermal imaging and ultrasound in the evaluation process of knee osteoarthritis can assess the pain and dysfunction of knee osteoarthritis to a certain extent.

We perform a thorough numerical analysis of the impact of inflow conditions on the aerodynamic performance of a tandem cascade. In particular, we investigate the effects of the incidence angle and the inlet boundary layer (IBL) thickness on the three-dimensional flow field structure and aerodynamic performance. Our results show that the gap flow strength of the tandem cascade decreases with the increase of incidence angle, and it can effectively reduce the mixing of the wakes of the forward blade (FB) and rear blade (RB). In turn, this prevents the passage vortex (PV) in the RB passage from developing along the circumferential direction. The occurrence of IBL does not modify the effects of the incidence angle on the tandem cascade, however, it reduces the load of the RB and the gap flow strength near the endwall. Under all incidence angles, IBL increases the total pressure loss of the tandem cascade, and decreases the static pressure rise (except for an incidence angle equal to -6°). The maximum loss increment is at 2° incidence angle, and the maximum static pressure rise decrement is at 6° incidence angle (Thick-IBL condition) or 7° incidence angle (Thin-IBL condition). Furthermore, we found that the presence of IBL changes the minimum loss condition from 0° (design condition) to -2° incidence angle. Our results thus indicate that in the practical engineering application of the tandem cascade, the reality that IBL degrades the tandem cascade performance in the full incidence angle range should be considered. And the strong endwall secondary flow effect caused by IBL should be considered in the tandem cascade three-dimensional design, so that the tandem cascade two-dimensional performance advantage can be better played.

During threshing process, wheat stems are easily broken when subjected to the combined forces of continuous tension, bending and compression of threshing bars. To reveal the causes of breakage, it is very significant to study the broken morphology and minimum breaking force of wheat stems undergoing multiple forces combination sequence. In this study, the mechanical characteristics of wheat stems undergoing single and combined forces were tested and analyzed. The results showed that when wheat stems are subjected to single load, the internodes are easiest to be broken under tensile force. When mixed-mode conditions of various forces are applied, the internodes are most easily broken under the combination of cantilever beam bending and three-point tension and the nodes of wheat are most prone to breakage when subjected to three-point compression. Under all loading states, the nodes of wheat are most prone to breakage when subjected to three-point compression. The damaged areas of internodes tend to be broken more easily. Consequently, the research of minimum breaking force of wheat stems undergoing multiple forces combination sequence reveals the substance of the breakage of wheat stems during threshing process.

The cooling effectiveness of optical window influences the imaging quality of hypersonic vehicles. This study focuses on the supersonic film cooling efficiency on the optical window of a blunt cone in hypersonic flow. The experiments were conducted in a gun tunnel equipped with a Mach 8 nozzle providing a total pressure and temperature of 9 MPa and 900 K respectively. Three tangential 2D nozzles with different combinations of slot heights and Mach numbers were designed to detect the film cooling length under different injection pressures. The heat flux on window surface was measured by Thin Film Gauges and the flow field was monitored by schlieren technique. When the jet pressure matched the mainstream, the window was completely cooled, and the minimum mass flow rate was achieved when the slot height was 5mm and the jet Mach number was 2.5. If the pressure ratio of jet continues to increase, the heat flux density could be furtherly reduced, but the cooling efficiency of unit coolant mass flow decreased significantly. The data correlation results showed that the cooling efficiency presented a nonlinear relationship of second order polynomial with (x/Sh)λ-0.8 , and the effective cooling length of film was positively correlated with the cooling mass flow ratio (λ) and slot height of the nozzle. Besides, the increase of jet pressure resulted in thickening the mixing layer, which enhanced the heat insulation effect and reduced the heat flux as a result.

The biological surface structure comprising fish scales and a mucous membrane exhibits good turbulent drag reduction ability. Based on this structure, a bionic frictional drag reduction model composed of a grooved structure and mucous membrane was established herein, and its efficacy in reducing the resistance of a turbulent boundary layer was analyzed. Accordingly, the drag reduction performance of the bionic structure was investigated through large eddy simulations. The results revealed that the mucous membrane was evenly distributed on the groove wall through secretion, and effectively improved the drag reduction rate of the groove wall. The bionic grooves and mucous membrane structure successfully inhibited the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress. The grooved structure improved the shape of the Λ vortex structure and the mucous membrane reduced the number of three-dimensional (3D) vortex structures. Furthermore, the streak structure near the bionic structure wall was reduced and its shape was regularized, which intuitively demonstrates the turbulence suppression ability of the proposed bionic structure. This paper presents the results of a hydrodynamic analysis of the frictional drag reduction characteristics of a bionic structure consisting of grooves and viscous membranes acting on the turbulent boundary layer of a wall.

This paper further studies topological structures induced by L-fuzzifying approximation operators, where L denotes a completely distributive De Morgan algebra. Firstly, the Alexandrov topologies induced by L-fuzzy relations are investigated with respect to L-fuzzifying approximation operators. Especially, the relationships among those Alexandrov topologies are discussed. Secondly, pseudo-similarity sets of L-fuzzy relations are proposed based on the Alexandrov topologies induced by upper and lower L-fuzzifying approximation operators. Meanwhile, the properties of pseudo-similarity sets are discussed, where some examples are presented to show the differences between similarity set of fuzzy relations and pseudo-similarity set of L-fuzzy relations.

The mucous membrane on the fish surface has excellent drag reduction performance. The mucous membrane can be regarded as the viscoelastic fluid, and a bionic friction drag reduction model is proposed with the consideration of a Carreau viscoelastic model-based mucus secretion process. Then, the drag reduction effect of the mucous membrane on the classical wall turbulence boundary layer is investigated by large-eddy simulations. Results show that the bionic mucous membrane is conducive to reducing the turbulence, and can achieve a drag reduction rate of about 14%. This study provides a hydrodynamics understanding of the drag reduction characteristics of the bionic mucous membrane.

It has been proved that suitable slot structure of compressor slotted blade can generate high-momentum jet flow through pressure difference between the pressure and suction surface, the slot jet flow can reenergize the local low-momentum fluid to effectively eliminate the flow separation. In order to investigate and evaluate the impact of full-span slot and blade-end slot on the performance of the post-loaded blade, which has serious flow separation on the suction surface both near blade midspan and endwall, a diffusion stator cascade with large camber angle is selected as the research object. Firstly, the blade-end slotted scheme and the full-span slotted scheme are set up. Then the performance of datum cascade and two slotted cascades is computed in the wide incidence angle range of -8º to 6º at the Mach number of 0.7, the corresponding blade-chord-based Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒𝐶 is 7.7 × 105 . Finally, the performance of the three cascades is analyzed and compared. The results show that, in the computational incidence angle range, both of the two slotted schemes can reduce the total pressure loss for datum cascade and enhance its pressure diffusing capability. However, compared with the blade-end slot, the full-span slot has a better comprehensive control effect on the corner separation and the boundary layer separation near blade midspan, hence, compared with those of blade-end slotted cascade, the total pressure loss coefficients and the static pressure coefficients of full-span slotted cascade are respectively further decreased and increased. Under the blowing effect of full-span slot jet, the total pressure loss coefficients of datum cascade are significantly decreased, ranging as high as 21.2%, 23.1%, 24.5% and 23.4% under the incidence angles of 0°, 2°, 4° and 6°, respectively. The full-span slotted scheme has a better adaptability to wide incidence angle range, it can effectively broaden the available incidence angle range for datum cascade.

Suitable slot structure of the compressor blade can generate high-momentum jet flow through pressure difference between the pressure and suction surface, it has been proved that the slot jet flow can reenergize the local low-momentum fluid to effectively suppress the flow separation on the suction surface. In order to explore a slotted method for better comprehensive suppressing effects on the boundary layer separation near blade midspan and the three-dimensional corner separation, a diffusion stator cascade with large camber angle is selected as the research object. Firstly, the Slotted_1 and Slotted_2 whole-span slotted schemes are set up, then the Slotted_3 scheme with whole-span slot and blade-end slots is proposed, finally the performance of original cascade and slotted cascades is computed under a wide range of incidence angles at the Mach number of 0.7. The results show that: in the full range of incidence angles, compared with the whole-span slotted cascades, the development of the endwall secondary flow on the suction surface of Slotted_3 cascade is effectively suppressed, the degree of the mutual interference between the secondary flow and the main flow is reduced. Besides, on the suction surface of Slotted_3 cascade, the boundary layer separation near blade midspan and the corner separation are basically eliminated. As a result, compared with those of original cascade, the total pressure losses of Slotted_3 cascade are reduced in the full range of incidence angles, and its operating range of incidence angles is broadened. Moreover, compared with the whole-span slotted schemes, Slotted_3 scheme has a better adaptability to wide range of incidence angles.

In order to reduce the adverse effect of the tip leakage flow of cantilever stator on compressor performance, the impact of the axial position of endwall streamwise suction slot on tip leakage flow was numerically studied. The study on the overall performance of the compressor and the details of the flow field near the stator end region with and without suction showed that all suction schemes could weaken the tip leakage flow intensity to a certain extent, and the flow control effect was gradually enhanced with the increase of the suction flow rate. In the case of small suction flow rate, for example, 0.5%, the short slot schemes can improve the overall efficiency of the compressor by about 0.5%, which is more advantageous than the long slot scheme, and the overall efficiency improvement of the latter is about 0.3%. The advantage of the long slot scheme in flow control is reflected in the case of large suction flow rate, that is, 1.0%, which may improve the overall efficiency of the compressor by about 0.96%. The axial position of suction slot has a significant influence on flow control effect of the tip leakage flow. Compared with the downstream suction, which only modified the flow field by reducing the blocking effect generated by tip flow vortex, the upstream suction could better control the tip leakage flow by restraining the development of the initial stage of the leakage vortex. Besides, the endwall suction scheme with a full chord length slot has the greatest impact on the passage vortex, its effect on modifying the flow field near the end zone was determined by the combinatorial action of the enhancement of the passage vortex and the attenuation of the leakage vortex.