فهرست مطالب javad yoosefi lebni

Both increase in the age of marriage and the prolonged singlehood among girls have become a major problem in Iranian society, leading to psychological and social harm. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the reasons for singlehood among girls aged over 33 years living in Tehran. This study was a qualitative content analysis. The study population consisted of single girls aged over 33 years old in Tehran, Iran. A total of 18 unmarried girls aged over 33 years were purposefully selected and studied using semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Data analysis resulted in 10 main categories including “university education”, “obsession with the choice of their life’s partner”, “economic problems”, “single girls’ distrust of men”, “instrumental view of marriage”, “other alternatives to marriage”, “appearance”, “escaping from responsibility”, “excessive parental strictness”, and “increase in girls’ expectations of their suitors”. It is necessary to take steps to prevent the increase in the age of marriage among girls by applying appropriate interventions such as changing girls’ attitudes toward marriage, educating parents to facilitate their adult children’s marriage, providing welfare facilities, and employing young persons.

Smokeless tobacco use is a public health problem. This study explored students’ beliefs about smokeless tobacco use in Chabahar, Iran.

The qualitative study was conducted using three Focused Group Discussions among 24 students aged 12–14 years in Chabahar City. Focus Group Guide Morgan was used. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to explore and extract codes and themes. The data analysis process was carried out in accordance with the stages of proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for evaluating research transferability.

Two main themes emerged from the analysis including; beliefs of being useful and harmful. Each of these themes is divided into subthemes with useful or harmful physical and psychological beliefs. Four subthemes included: beliefs of being useful physically, beliefs of being useful psychologically, harmful beliefs physically, and harmful beliefs psychologically.

One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that many students mentioned the benefits of using smokeless tobacco to reduce toothache, relieve headaches, and bad breath. This information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed at reducing smokeless tobacco consumption. However, more research on this topic needs to be undertaken before the association between kinds of beliefs and smokeless tobacco consumption is more clearly understood.

Over the past decades, the pattern of diseases in human societies had changed from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and according to the report by the World Health Organization, the highest burden of disease is attributed to NCDs. The study was conducted to determine the status of hypertension, type-2 diabetes, lipid disorders, and body mass index (BMI) among the patients aged over 30 years admitted to health centers of Karaj, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the population included 2947 men and women aged 30 years and above admitted to six health-care centers in Karaj. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics and had the questions on hypertension, diabetes and their risk factors, like lipid disorders and BMI was administered. The data were analyzed in SPSS, version 23, software using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical (Chi-square and analysis of variance) tests (P < 0.01).

About 10% of the participants had diabetes and 15% of the participants had hypertension. About 32% of the participants had dyslipidemia and 87% of the participants were overweight or obese and over 35% were obese. Furthermore, with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of lipid disorder, hypertension, and type-2 diabetes increased in the studied population (P < 0.01).

According to the results, a high percentage of people had hypertension, type-2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and BMI in the population. Gender segregation showed that lipid disorders, overweight, and obesity in women were more than in men and percentage of people with hypertension among male were significantly higher than in females. In the case of type-2 diabetes, the results showed no statistically significant differences between men and women. The results may be helpful in developing educational strategies and prevention and control of these diseases.

Fear of childbirth is one of the most common problems among pregnant women that can threaten their and their baby’s health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the causes and grounds of childbirth fear and the strategies used by pregnant adolescent women in Iran to overcome such fears.

In this study, which was conducted among primiparous Kurdish women in Iran, conventional qualitative content analysis was used. Data were selected through purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. Data saturation was reached with 15 participants. The Lincoln and Guba criteria were used to strengthen the research.

After analyzing the data, two main categories were resulted. The first category was fear of childbirth with subcategories of fear of child health, fear of childbirth process, fears about inappropriate medical staff performance, fears about hospital environment, and postpartum fears. The second category was strategies to reduce childbirth fear with subcategories of choosing appropriate medical centers, increasing information on childbirth, avoiding stressful sources, improving self-care, getting prepared for delivery day in advance, and resorting to spirituality.

Pregnancy in adult age is better than adolescent age. The women’s fear can be reduced by increasing their assurance about child health, providing appropriate training during pregnancy, explaining the whole process of childbirth and making it easier, improving the hospital environment and medical staff specialization, as well as providing appropriate conditions for further care and support after birth.

One of the most thought‑provoking problems in the world is child marriage that is affected by various factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the social determinants of child marriage in Kurdish regions of Iran.

This qualitative study was conducted using conventional content analysis approach. The participants of the study were 30 Iranian‑Kurdish women married under the age of 18 who were selected through purposeful and snowballing sampling. Data collection was conducted through semi‑structured interviews and face‑to‑face interviews and continued until the saturation of concepts was achieved. Graneheim and Lundman method was used to analyze the data, and Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to strengthen the research.

In general, findings include 5 categories and 17 subcategories: 1 – economic factors (financial problems and economic benefits); 2 – sociocultural factors (social customs, cultural beliefs, community encouragement, social learning, gaining prestige, and social support); 3 – individual factors (physical characteristics, personality traits, lack of awareness of the damaging consequences of early marriage, and fear of the future); 4 – family factors (dysfunctional family, weak awareness of parents, and harm prevention); and 5 – structural factors (high demand, limited access to educational services, and the lack of supportive social and legal structures).

By raising the level of awareness and attitude of girls and their families about the consequences of early marriage, creating the culture of correcting cultural beliefs and social misconceptions, passing appropriate laws, and the use of local and national media to prevent child marriage, this social harm can be reduced.

The qualification of managers in terms of management skills is one of the most important factors in the continuous success of each organization, and utilizing such skills can have a positive contribution in the effectiveness of the organization while improving the performance of the employees in line with the objectives and goals of the organization. The study's primary objective was to examine the necessary skills of the hospital managers and their capabilities to manage the challenges in providing health care facilities to their patients and employees.

This study is a qualitative that deep interviews were performed with 22 managers (senior and middle managers) of educational hospitals of Kermanshah city, and the sample size was 22 individuals. The interviews were analyzed by a MAXQDA software application after transcription.

This study includes 8 themes and 23 subthemes. The strategic skill, the perceptive skill, the human relations skill, work experience, and personal characteristics were among the skills necessary for hospital managers. Some of the challenges facing the hospital managers included rapid changes in the policies, the limitations of financial resources, and lack of proportion between the educational and occupational spheres.

Because of their existential philosophy and differences with other service sectors, managing hospitals poses a particular sensitivity. In this regard, the role of the hospital manager is very important. Therefore, in order to meet the satisfaction of those receiving services, decision‑makers and policy‑makers must think twice when selecting and appointing hospital managers and evaluate and appraise this group in terms of abilities and skills necessary for managing such an important service section.

The Internet has drastically affected human behavior, and it has positive and negative effects; however, its excessive usage exposes users to internet addiction. The diagnosis of students’ mental dysfunction is vital to monitor their academic progress and success by preventing this technology through proper handling of the usage addiction.

This descriptive‑analytical study selected 447 students (232 females and 215 males) of the first and second semesters enrolled at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018 by using Cochrane’s sample size formula and stratified random sampling. The study applied Young’s Internet Addiction Test and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire 28 for data collection. The study screened the data received and analyzed valid data set through the t‑test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient by incorporating SPSS Statistics software version 23.0.

The results of the current study specified that the total mean score of the students for internet addiction and mental health was 3.81 ± 0.88 and 2.56 ± 0.33, correspondingly. The results revealed that internet addiction positively correlated with depression and mental health, which indicated a negative relationship (P > 0.001). The multiple regression analysis results showed students’ five significant vulnerability predictors toward internet addiction, such as the critical reason for using the Internet, faculty, depression, the central place for using the Internet, and somatic symptoms.

The study findings specified that students’ excessive internet usage leads to anxiety, depression, and adverse mental health, which affect their academic performance. Monitoring and controlling students’ internet addiction through informative sessions on how to use the Internet adequately is useful.

Social capital is one of the variables influencing the economic, social and health development of society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the social among Iranian university students.

This study is a cross-sectional study. The statistical population of this research includes all students of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2017. 367 people were selected randomly using the Cochran sampling formula. In order to collect the data, the Delaouiz Social Capital Questionnaire (2005) was used along with a number of underlying variables. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were used for face validity and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Also, for analyzing the data, spss17, and one-way ANOVA, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.

Social capital in this research with an average of 91/54 was moderate. The results showed that the students had the lowest level of in the dimension trust (10.97) and in the group's participation with the average (17.47) had the highest social capital. Also, there was no significant relationship between age, college, sex and marital status with social capital. But the variables of employment status, educational level, and residence status had a significant relationship with social capital.

Social capital can affect the mental and social health of students as well as their level of scientific and social progress. Therefore, attention to the social capital of students and its promotion should be one of the main goals of the authorities of the university and society.

Background Mortality is one of the indicators of community health and reflects the social, economic and environmental status of the residence of people. In this regard, countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) have many problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting on mortality in the region. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the 22 EMR countries. Required data on mortality were collected from WHO online database and Weather, Geneva, Switzerland. The data were analyzed by ArcGIS 10.6.1 software, graphic statistical methods, SPSS software version 23.0, descriptive statistical tests, ANOVA, and regression correlation coefficient. Results The results showed that in the 22 EMR countries, mortality in children under five, neonatal mortality rate, mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services and mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning were 52 per 1000 live births, 26.6 per 1000 live births, 58.8 per 100,000 population, 13.1 per 100,000 population and 1.4 per 100,000 population, respectively. The results showed that the countries of Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan, and Djibouti were in a very poor situation and there was an inequality in health in the countries of the region. Conclusion Based on the results, the main factors affecting mortality rate included: 1) Average precipitation, 2) Latitude, 3) Above sea level, 4) Food safety, and 5) Births attended by skilled health personnel.