mohammad ebrahim mazhari

God describes Himself as the Light of the heavens and the earth in the Quran (Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth) (Quran 24:35). The concept of light holds significant importance, as evidenced by the existence of an entire surah dedicated to it (Surah 24). Despite the crucial role of light in mosque architecture, contemporary mosques often neglect this essential element, which plays a key role in their design. The current focus on quantitative aspects and the disregard for the semantic dimensions of natural light in mosque spaces highlight the need for further study to create more qualitative spatial experiences. Accordingly, the present study aims to assess the qualitative presence of light and propose practical strategies for integrating high-quality lighting in contemporary mosque architecture. This study identifies the qualitative characteristics of light based on Quranic texts, extracted through the interpretations provided by Islamic philosophers regarding Quranic verses and an analysis of the implicit meanings within these verses. Based on these attributes, seven fundamental principles of qualitative light have been derived: the principle of existential authenticity, the principle of existential hierarchy, the principle of justice, the principle of abstraction, the principle of permanence, the principle of guidance, and the principle of signification. The corresponding architectural messages in Iranian-Islamic mosque architecture include unity, movement, homogeneity, ascension, endurance, guidance, and implication. To examine the relationship between the quality of daylight in mosque spaces, the study selects Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Imam Mosque, Hakim Mosque, Rahim Khan Mosque, and Seyyed Mosque—mosques distinguished for their design emphasis on natural light in creating a spiritual atmosphere. This research follows a descriptive-analytical method based on both field studies and library resources.

The development of freeways in recent years has removed many historical routes and smaller cities from the country's passenger transportation cycle and harmed their economy. The necessity of protecting and revitalizing these routes is to know the talents and attractions in them. Since most of the country's roads were formed in the last century on the basis of the road network during the Qajar period, the historical sources of this period provide a better understanding of these routes. These sources are divided into two main European and Iranian categories. The extraction of appropriate geographical data from Iranian sources cannot be compared to the reports of European agents equipped with modern knowledge and tools. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the role of the reports of the European agents in the understanding of Iran's routes during the Qajar period, focusing on the Malayer-Borujerd route, which has been carried out by the historical analysis method and using first-hand sources from libraries and archives. The results show that the detailed reports of the European agents, besides being very different in the quality of the introduction of this route, have introduced another route by crossing the telegraph line as the main route, which is not mentioned in Iranian sources and is the shortest in terms of the distance, and rich in terms of natural and historical attractions. This can apply to many other parts of the country and be the subject of future research.

creativity is the main and necessary element in architecture education.Many thinkers and researchers around the world have thought about creativity.They have tried to solve its mystery.In terms of psychology,creativity can be seen in both convergent and divergent thinking.But it is more inclusive in divergent thinking.Adesigner with divergent thinking directs his design towards different, new and extensive situations that play a significant role in its creativity.Therefore,it is important to consider creative education in architecture education,especially for architectural design courses.The purpose of this study is to discuss creative education and how to implement it into architectural education,especially architectural design courses.The research method is mixed(quantitative-qualitative)and applied in terms of purpose.The sketch has been used to gather information from library sources and students' opinions through the questionnaire along with holding two-day workshop.The statistical population is all undergraduate architecture students(associate's and bachelor's degrees)of Karoon HigherEducationinAhvaz.To assess the students' creativity,in addition to the questionnaire formulation,the standard test of "Torrance test for creativity" has been used.The sketch testing held in two-day workshop, and Cropley's creative solution diagnosis scale(CSDS)was used to assess the sketches.To analyze the questionnaire data,SPSS software was utilized.The results of the research explain that the level of architecture students' information about creativity and ways of its development are not enough and the creativity issue is not obvious and known for most of them.It is suggested that design professors use various methods to reach the desired designs in order to achieve desired designs in order to achieve creative studios.Also,asignments should be implemented in curriculum,specially during the entry and basic courses to familiarize architecture students with the phenomenon of creativity and creative education in order to develop creativity.Authors suggest designating graduate studies and discertations on Classification of creative exercises and their learning and teaching methods in architecture to elevate the creativity in architecture courses in the country.

Need to solve the housing problem, the formation of experimental projects and the design and construction of new organized concepts have been done. One of the areas that, due to the development of industries, contains various examples of corporate housing is the city of Ahvaz. The present study intends to explain these concepts by recognizing the components of optimal housing containing internal and external characteristics in these complexes. The research method in terms of applied-developmental goal and mixed technique includes; Descriptive methods and content analysis in the theoretical and correlational sections are comparative, and field in the case studies section. The type of simultaneous variable design combines quantitative and qualitative approaches with a theoretical framework. Finally, based on the conceptual model, In the first step to finding descriptive statistics, questionnaires with answers from the Likert spectrum according to the sample size are provided to the residents of 105 units on the news site and 66 units in the water and electricity dormitory for analysis by SPSS software In the next step, interviews based on research questions from a community of 10 experts who were selected by snowball method are compiled and inferential statistics are extracted by analyzing them. After introducing the results of two areas, quantitative and qualitative, and to achieve the desired housing components, a link between human factors, physical-social factors, and decision-making factors should be established. Strategies should be presented in the short, medium, and long term.

‘Privacy’ in Islamic culture is considered one of the concepts related to the existential dimensions of human beings and one of the most important spiritual needs for self-improvement and a sincere connection with Allah. In this regard, mosques, as places for the Muslims’ collective worship ceremonies, are not only a place for social interaction but also a privacy-focused gathering, they are optimal places for thinking and enjoying some private moments with Allah. Two questions arise that what are the components of creating the privacy in the Architecture of mosques? How do these components result in the creation of this privacy in the mosques? The present study is basic and qualitative research in terms of purpose, which uses both comparative and meta-analysis methods. In this study, while analyzing documentary studies as well as in-depth and open interviews, mosques from Isfahan were selected as a case study. The NVivo software was used to analyze qualitative data. Based upon the conceptual model obtained from the research findings, three types of privacy have been proposed. The first mode is ‘having private moments with oneself’ which is made by the components such as ‘introspection and remembrance’. The second mode is ‘having private moments with Allah’ which is formed via components such as the companionship of light and darkness and the vacuity. Finally, the third mode is ‘the privacy in the public’ which is created due to components such as verbal and non-verbal communication.

Attention to human life and the manner of his presence and behavior is one of the main concerns in architectural design. One of the approaches in this regard is narrative-based and scenario-based thinking in architecture and its education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of screenwriting and its opportunities in the design training workshop. The research is a ‏‏survey research method and is the result of processing workshop of University of Tehran in architectural design workshops. architecture students of “Designing my villa” reports of teaching process of participated in the research and their design performance quality have been evaluated with scenario planning method. During 6 weeks period (one 4 hours session per week). The research has been done by quasi-experimental method and has been studied in two parts: qualitative and quantitative. Data were analyzed using paired t-test using SPSS software version 22. Results There was a significant difference between the mean scores of the design test in the pre-test and post-test stages P (P <0.05). The type of scenario (spaces, activities, field visualization, etc.) affects the next stages and the percentage of people tending to user-centered (55.77%) and event-oriented (28.85%) approaches after scriptwriting training has increased. Then, scriptwriting training and related exercises have positive feedback in advancing and facilitating the design process. Scenario planning is a basic of strategic design and also utilizing the same principles in problem solving. The findings of this research can be used in instruction, curriculum development, and designing new buildings.

Holding rituals in the city is a reflection of collective life that strengthens social connectivity. Sacred places and shrines are an influential element in the construction and interconnectedness of Iranian cities. Religious shrines are the gathering places of different groups of people which link the flow of ceremonies and rituals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the position of Ali Ibn Mahziar’s tomb in the physical-spatial structure of Ahvaz and its effect on the formation of religious rituals, especially the mourning ceremonies of Tasua and Ashura within Ahvaz. This research is of descriptive-analytical type and employs methods of observation and field perceptions as well as reviewing the results of spatial arrangement analysis and graph modelling in order to study the adaptation of currents related to religious rites (for the movement of mourning delegations) and the existing city structure and especially the location of the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar. Therefore, after field surveys, initial modelling was performed using graph theory approach and data analysis with centrality index and BC and DC scales, and then applying integration, connectivity and choice, space syntax analysis of Ahvaz city was implemented. The results show that the shrine of Ali ibn Mahziar plays a central role in attracting mourners from different parts of the city and strengthening social interactions and the presence of citizens. The focal position of the shrine in the configuration of the city reveals the close relation of this effective spatial element with the social patterns of the city, which over time, despite the changes, is still at the center of rituals and social interactions.

Contemporary housing architecture in Iran in small towns and major cities is a multivariate issue. Among the various architectural practices, housing is both more effective and more influential than others. Housing, the formation of experimental projects, and the design and construction of new organized concepts of housing have taken place. The concept of the organizer is a solution that has already been discovered and tested in different contexts. One of the areas that need to conduct scientific research in various fields of architecture and urban planning due to the nascent structure of architecture and urban context, is the city of Ahvaz, which contains various examples of organizational corporate housing due to the development of various industries. This study aims to identify the architectural space, especially in the housing sector, establish patterns and components in organizational construction in the contemporary period, strengthen the existing cultural elements, realize the values in architecture in newsite and recognize the works. The study also seeks a systematic plan to find new principles based on the concepts used based on the research method. Therefore, by considering these concepts, it intends to recognize the architectural components of desirable housing, which in other words are considered as internal and external factors, intends to know the characteristics of the concepts of architecture and urban planning in the residential complex. The main strategy of this research is based on the use of mixed methods, which are a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This conceptual model will explain the concepts of organizing corporate housing, which will result in identifying and introducing general principles in terms of quantity and quality in corporate housing. The present mixed research method includes interpretive, descriptive methods, content analysis in the theoretical part and correlation methods, and field methods in the case studies. Statistics and descriptive and inferential findings to take appropriate quantitative and qualitative measures have been collected on the one hand according to the opinion of residents and on the other hand based on the opinion of experts and specialists, respectively. The result of the presented study is to explain the model containing the concepts of organizing the housing of oil company through the relationship between the quality characteristics of housing and the organizing components in this complex. Based on the research hypotheses, experts are focusing on the characteristics of the formation of organizational components and characteristics of corporate housing expressing the principles and concepts of infrastructure and residents, carefully meet their needs and wants in the field of housing and the surrounding area play an important role in the process. After introducing the results of both theoretical and experimental areas, it was found that considering the concepts of housing organizer from only an internal or external dimension could not lead to the full formation of housing concepts, and to achieve the desired corporate housing components concept must have a good link between human factors. Physical-social factors and managers, officials, and experts in the field of architecture and urban planning to be established.

This study examines the relationship between privacy and interactions together.The results show that the two criteria of border and territory, and interpersonal distances, have the greatest impact on social interactions and the criterion of audio-visual privacy has the least impact on social interactions compared to other components. The results of Friedman ranking test showed that the indicators of physical flexibility, social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility and spatial planning have the greatest impact on social interactions and the indicators of dimensions, proportions and hierarchy have the least impact on social interactions. Compared to other indicators. The study of the results in sheshsad Dastgah Residential Complex in Mashhad also shows that the designer's attention to the criteria and indicators affecting interactions with an approach to maintaining privacy in the design, has played a significant role in promoting interactions between users and residents of the complex. Which has been considered by the designer more than other criteria.

In residential complexes, securing privacy, in its two main dimensions, namely family privacy and individual privacy, is prioritized as an effective component in ensuring the security and tranquility of residents. In fact, people’s attitudes toward privacy are part of their socialization process. For establishment of social relations, the privacy of individuals and groups in the public must be considered. It is essential to provide a balance between privacy and social interaction in the light of the cultural values of the community. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the indicators of privacy effective on social interactions in a residential complex with 600 apartments in the city of Mashhad, Iran.

Theoretical Framework

Privacy is a process undergone for determining the boundaries between individuals, through which the individual or group monitors how they interact with others (Altman, 2003). Altman (1975) considers personal space and territoriality as the main mechanisms used for achievement of privacy (Lang, 2009: 165). Communication means the ability to transfer human information, thoughts, and behaviors from one person to another. Social interaction is a need that involves actions and emotions such as the sense of belonging and attachment, joining a group, loving, and being approved (Siramkaya, 2017).The factors effective on the promotion of social interactions with the privacy approach include the following:
Physical characteristics,Borders and territories (hierarchy, border clarity, and controllability in the separation of private and public areas),
Interpersonal distances, Audio and visual privacy.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, adopted besides documentary and library methods to identify the components of privacy affecting social interactions. The population examined in the present study consists of the residents of the Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex in Mashhad. The sample size is set to 322 people using Cochran’s formula. A questionnaire is used to collect the required information, and the data are analyzed using the SPSS and PLS software. Confirmatory factor analysis is applied to evaluate the research model and the validity of the questionnaire, along with the one-sample t-test to compare the means and the Friedman ranking test to rank the components.

The findings of the one-sample t-test of the population demonstrated that the mean values of all the components and subcomponents were higher than the obtained averages, and that all the specified components and indicators had relatively large impacts on social interactions (p < 0.05). The mean for the interpersonal distance component was 4.48, that for the boundaries and territories was 4.38, that for the physical characteristics was 4.12, and that for the visual-auditory space was 4.06. The results of the Friedman ranking test also indicated that the components of border and territory and interpersonal distance ranked highest in average, and therefore exhibited the greatest impacts on social interactions. Moreover, physical flexibility, social homogeneity, and interpersonal flexibility exhibited the highest average ranks among the subcomponents and the greatest impacts on social interactions.

As explained in the Methodology section, the SPSS 25 and PLS 3 software were used to analyze the data. The extracted average variance index (AVE) was used to verify the convergent validity. This index measures the amount of variance that a hidden variable gets from its markers, and its value ranges between 0 and 1, where higher values indicate greater convergent validity for the structure. The mean extracted variance, which measured the convergent validity, varied from a minimum of 0.53 for the boundary and a territory to a maximum of 0.70 for the physical characteristics. Since the mean values of extracted variance were close to or greater than 0.50, we could confirm the convergent validity (total validity of each component). Finally, the results demonstrated the validity and reliability of all the components and relevant questions. The effects of the four main criteria of privacy on social interactions in the examined residential complex could be analyzed using the Friedman test, ranking the criteria and the degrees of their impact on social interactions as follows. The findings on the ranking of the privacy criteria with respect to a chi-square value of 226.81 (df = 3) indicated significant relationships with social interactions (P < 0.05), from which it could be inferred that there was a significant difference between the four criteria of privacy affecting social interactions, and the extents and degrees of their impact on social interactions were also found to be different. The results of the Friedman ranking test demonstrated that the border and territory criterion ranked highest in average, and exhibited the greatest effect on social interactions in the residential complex. Shortly after that, there was the criterion of interpersonal distance, with an average rank of 2.97. According to the results, the two criteria of border and territory and individual intermediate distance had the greatest impacts on social interactions, and the criterion of audio-visual privacy affected them less than the others. There were significant differences between the fourteen indicators affecting socialization, the ranks and values of which were also different. The results of the Friedman ranking test demonstrated that physical flexibility ranked highest in average, and was the most important indicator affecting social interactions. The social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility, and spatial arena sub-components were ranked next, averaging 10.34, 10.20, and 8.82, respectively. According to the findings, the indicators of physical flexibility, social homogeneity, interpersonal flexibility, and spatial arena exhibited the greatest impacts on social interactions, and those of dimensions, proportions, and hierarchy affected them less than the others. The results indicated that the components of territoriality, such as interpersonal distance, physical characteristics, spatial domains, and audio-visual privacy, could be regarded as variables affecting social interactions in the Sheshsad Dastgah residential complex with an approach to maintenance of privacy.

Evaluating and documenting post-war reconstruction (one of the most complex types of reconstruction processes) is a good way to learn from possible future accidents. The 8-year war between Iran and Iraq ruined the city of Rafi completely. The process of reconstruction began after the liberation with a different approach to other experiences (emphasis on the promotion of the role of survivors and attention to their needs and wants). The aim of this study was to evaluate the success rate of Rafi reconstruction from the perspective of creating a sense of belonging in residents, as one of the most important determinants of residential satisfaction. The research approach is quantitative and qualitative. The three main hypotheses of the research are based on the effect of satisfaction and sense of belonging in post-war reconstruction on the revival of social and economic traditions, as well as rebuilding in-situ and land ownership preservation. Samples of the study have been collected in a random-cluster method, and the necessary data for testing the research hypotheses was collected through questionnaires, field studies, and interviews. The research hypothesis was then tested using a dependent t-test. The average obtained for the process of reconstruction and creating a sense of belonging through the revival of social and economic traditions of the people (Hypothesis 1) 2.43 out of 5; creating a sense of belonging to the place of residence by in-situ building and maintaining land ownership (Hypothesis 2) 3.45 out of 5; and the degree of desirability of this process for people (Hypothesis 3) is 2.87 out of 5 on the Likert scale. As a result, the first and third hypotheses are rejected and the second one is accepted. At the end, according to the unique features of the high reconstruction process, a set of tips and suggestions for application in future experiences is presented by prioritizing research indicators.

Apart from functional aspect; architecture can convey the meaning and express its own meanings clearly. Other arts such as painting also can deliver several messages that can be different in various madeia. Many contemporary architects constantly attempts to convey a message of an artwork to architectural media and in this regard, they try to restate the ideas and concepts in a symbolic environment. Without doubt, the meaning of an artwork can be imported with components or other expressive symbols, and thus the litigant meanings of an artwork can be transited to another. In this regard, one of the issues that is missed in architecture area, is the discussion of conveying the meaning from other art media to the architecture. This paper tries to explain how to convey the meaning from Painting to architectural media. It is assumed that conveying the meaning of other art medias to architectural media can help the architects to create the meaning and B) Using metaphor, plays an essential role in conveying the meaning from other art media such as painting to architecture. In this paper, in order to answer the research hypothesis, the way John Hejduk restates the Madame D’Haussonville painting by John Auguste Dominique Ingres and the studio series by Georges Braque in the architecture of the wall house 2 are discussed. The Methodology of this paper is based on descriptive analytic methods and logical reasoning. It also relies on the discussing and analyzing the library information. Finally, this study shows that conveying the meaning from one art media to another can develop ideas from other arts such as painting to architecture and vice versa and be effective in the enhancement of both of these art media.